The values of some of the relational database attributes could be encrypted if there were concerns about the confidentiality of the data. Is there a logical explanation for why database management systems do not encrypt the properties of the databases they manage? In what ways, according to your point of view, does the absence of encryption for primary-key characteristics in database systems constitute a problem for these kinds of systems?

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Concurrency Control

The simultaneous occurrence of two or more operations is called concurrence and the situation is called concurrency. In concurrency, the function of one operation can affect the function of the other and put data integrity at risk. Hence, management for the control of concurrency is required. The management or controlling system in the Database Management System (DBMS) that coordinates concurrent access is called the concurrency control system.