The two flow-rate profiles that you have plotted (Glaciers - Worksheets 1 & 2) show that a glacier's flow varies both with depth and with distance across the glacier. These variations are caused by friction between the glacier ice and the rock at the glacier's margins and bed. Flow is slowest where friction is high (for example, along the glacier's lateral margins) and is faster where friction is lower (for example, where basal sliding occurs at the water-lubricated bed near the glacier's centerline). Ice also deforms under its own weight like a very thick fluid, which results in velocities increasing with distance above the bed. 1A 20- 30- 40 50 Ice flow rates that result from a combination of basal friction, basal sliding, and ice deformation The above figure shows the ice flow rates (expressed in meters per year) that result from this combination of basal friction, basal sliding, and ice deformation. These rates were calculated from flow measurements taken at the Athabasca Glacier in a series of boreholes drilled in an across-glacier transect. For reference, the vertical flow rate profile you plotted in Question 1 used data collected in a borehole drilled at location 1A in the above image. From these flow rates, it is possible to calculate the volume of ice flowing through this transect each year, a quantity that is known as the "annual ice flux". The ice flux for the Athabasca Glacier is 1.09 x 107 m³/yr. What volume of water does this ice flux represent in liters (when melted)? Hint: The solid phase of water is less dense than the liquid phase, so 1.000 m³ of ice = 0.917 m³ liquid water. Note: Your answer requires the correct number of significant digits (which is the lowest number provided in the question). Answer: X 1010 liters

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)

9th Edition

ISBN:9780134746241

Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa

Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa

Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1LR

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Transcribed Image Text:The two flow-rate profiles that you have plotted (Glaciers - Worksheets 1 & 2) show that a glacier's flow varies both with depth and with distance across the glacier. These variations are caused by friction between the glacier ice and the rock at the glacier's margins and bed. Flow is slowest where friction is high (for example, along the glacier's lateral margins) and is faster where friction is lower (for example, where basal sliding occurs at the water-lubricated bed near the glacier's centerline). Ice also deforms under its own weight like a very thick fluid, which results in velocities increasing with distance above the bed. 1A 20 30 40 50 Ice flow rates that result from a combination of basal friction, basal sliding, and ice deformation The above figure shows the ice flow rates (expressed in meters per year) that result from this combination of basal friction, basal sliding, and ice deformation. These rates were calculated from flow measurements taken at the Athabasca Glacier in a series of boreholes drilled in an across-glacier transect. For reference, the vertical flow rate profile you plotted in Question 1 used data collected in a borehole drilled at location 1A in the above image. From these flow rates, it is possible to calculate the volume of ice flowing through this transect each year, a quantity that is known as the "annual ice flux". The ice flux for the Athabasca Glacier is 1.09 x 107 m³/yr. What volume of water does this ice flux represent in liters (when melted)? Hint: The solid phase of water is less dense than the liquid phase, so 1.000 m³ of ice = 0.917 m³ liquid water. Note: Your answer requires the correct number of significant digits (which is the lowest number provided in the question). Answer: X 101⁰ liters

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