Please answer very soon will give rating surely The thermodynamics of vesicle loading: Primary andsecondary active transportGiven the provided information, and assuming the vesicularmembrane potential is 20 mV (positive inside the vesicle),how much Gibb's free energy is available to move Ach into"Vesicle loading is another interesting application ofthermodynamics. Think about it. How do neurons formthese highly concentrated vesicles full of, say, Ach? It turnsthe vesicle per mole of H* ions that are antiported?Note that the positively charged proton is moving out of thevesicle. So, what is the change in potential going fromout that neurons use a two-step system. First, neurons usethe Gibb's free energy from hydrolyzing ATP to pump H*ions into the vesicle using an H*/ATPase.inside to outside the vesicle?As you know, intracellular pH is approximately 7.20, butvesicular pH can get as low as 5.50 due to the influx of H*ions. The influx of H* ions also generates a membraneAG =kJ/molpotential of about 20 mV, wherein the inside of the vesicleis positive relative to the cytoplasm around the vesicle. Inthe second step, an H*/Ach antiporter moves one moleculeof Ach into the vesicle in exchange for moving two H* ionsback into the cytoplasm."

Introduction Using the formula ∆G = zF∆V + RTln([H+in]/[H+out])where, ∆G is the Gibbs free energy; z…

The thermodynamics of vesicle loading: Primary and secondary active transport Given the provided information, and assuming the vesicular membrane potential is 20 mV (positive inside the vesicle), how much Gibb's free energy is available to move Ach into the vesicle per mole of H* ions that are antiported? "Vesicle loading is another interesting application of thermodynamics. Think about it. How do neurons form these highly concentrated vesicles full of, say, Ach? It turns out that neurons use a two-step system. First, neurons use the Gibb's free energy from hydrolyzing ATP to pump H* ions into the vesicle using an H*/ATPase. Note that the positively charged proton is moving out of the vesicle. So, what is the change in potential going from inside to outside the vesicle? As you know, intracellular pH is approximately 7.20, but vesicular pH can get as low as 5.50 due to the influx of H* ions. The influx of H* ions also generates a membrane AG = kJ/mol potential of about 20 mV, wherein the inside of the vesicle is positive relative to the cytoplasm around the vesicle. In the second step, an H*/Ach antiporter moves one molecule of Ach into the vesicle in exchange for moving two H* ions back into the cytoplasm."

The thermodynamics of vesicle loading: Primary and secondary active transport Given the provided information, and assuming the vesicular membrane potential is 20 mV (positive inside the vesicle), how much Gibb's free energy is available to move Ach into the vesicle per mole of H* ions that are antiported? "Vesicle loading is another interesting application of thermodynamics. Think about it. How do neurons form these highly concentrated vesicles full of, say, Ach? It turns out that neurons use a two-step system. First, neurons use the Gibb's free energy from hydrolyzing ATP to pump H* ions into the vesicle using an H/ATPase. Note that the positively charged proton is moving out of the vesicle. So, what is the change in potential going from inside to outside the vesicle? As you know, intracellular pH is approximately 7.20, but vesicular pH can get as low as 5.50 due to the influx of H ions. The influx of H* ions also generates a membrane AG = kJ/mol potential of about 20 mV, wherein the inside of the vesicle is positive relative to the cytoplasm around the vesicle. In the second step, an H/Ach antiporter moves one molecule of Ach into the vesicle in exchange for moving two H ions back into the cytoplasm."

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter32: The Reception And Transmission Of Extracellular Information

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 14P

See similar textbooks

Similar questions

Calculate the change in Gibbs free energy for transport of Ca2+ from outside to inside the cell. The extracellular Ca2+ concentration is 135 uM, and the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is 98 uM. The membrane potential is -22 mV and the temperature is 37°C. O. -5.1 kJ/mol O 1.2 kJ/mol -410 kJ/mol 3.4 kJ/mol
One of the important uses of the Nernst equation is in describing the flow of ions across plasma membranes. Ions move under the influence of two forces: the concentration gradient (given in electrical units by the Nernst equation) and the electrical gradient (given by the membrane voltage). This is summarized by Ohms law: Ix=Gx(VmEx) which describes the movement of ion x across the membrane. I is the current in amperes (A); G is the conductance, a measure of the permeability of x, in Siemens (S), which is I/V;Vm is the membrane voltage; and Ex is the equilibrium potential of ion x. Not only does this equation tell how large the current is, but it also tells what direction the current is flowing. By convention, a negative value of the current represents either a positive ion entering the cell or a negative ion leaving the cell. The opposite is true of a positive value of the current. a. Using the following information, calculate the magnitude of Na [ Na+ ]0=145mM,[ Na+ ]i=15mM,Gna+=1nS,Vm=70mV b. Is Na+ entering or leaving the cell? c. Is Na+ moving with or against the concentration gradient? Is it moving with or against the electrical gradient?
Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 Transport by transporters can be either active orpassive, whereas transport by channels is always passive.2 Transporters saturate at high concentrations ofthe transported molecule when all their binding sites areoccupied; channels, on the other hand, do not bind theions they transport and thus the flux of ions through achannel does not saturate.3 The membrane potential arises from movementsof charge that leave ion concentrations practically unaf-fected, causing only a very slight discrepancy in the num-ber of positive and negative ions on the two sides of themembrane.
Calculate the maximum ratio that can be achieved by the plasma membrane Na+-glucose symporter of an epithelial cell when [Na+]in is 12 mM, [Na+]out is 145 mM, the membrane potential is −50 mV (inside negative), and the temperature is 37 °C.
1
The average time it takes for a molecule to diffuse adistance of x cm is given byt = x2/2D where t is the time in seconds and D is the diffusioncoefficient. Given that the diffusion coefficient ofglucose is 5.7 × 10−7cm2/s, calculate the time it wouldtake for a glucose molecule to diffuse 10 μm, which isroughly the size of a cell.
In considering active transport by Na + -K + -ATPase at body temperature (37 o C), 3 Na+ are pumped out of the cell and 2 K + are pumped in for each ATP that is hydrolyzed to ADP + P i . Given that underyour experimental conditions, the DG for ATP hydrolysis is -10 kcal/mol, and that V is -60 mV, and that the pump maintains the internal Na + at 10mM, external Na + at 120 mM, internal K + at 120 mM and external K + at 8mM, what is the efficiency of the pump (i.e., what fraction of the energy available from ATP hydrolysis is required to drive transport at the provided levels)?
The average human generates approximately their own weight in ATP every day. A resting person uses about 25 % of this in ion transport - mostly via the Na*/K* ATPase. About how many grams of Na* and K* will a sedentary 90-kg person pump across membranes in a day assuming 25 % of ATP is used to pump Na* and K* via Na*/K* ATPase?
You are considering transport of Fe3+ out of a biological cell with a membrane potential of -60 mV. What is the value for delta psi in this case? (Make sure you express this value in proper units, i.e., as you would enter this value into the change in free energy of transport equation.)
The average human generates approximately his or her weight in ATP every day. A resting person uses about 25% of this in ion transport—mostly via the Na+-K+ ATPase. About how many grams of Na+ and K+ will a sedentary 70-kg person pump across membranes in a day?
Under fully thawed conditions,what path will the low frequency current take and why?
( deeply explain all point of question with proper answer).