The surface tension of a liquid is being measured with a ring. The ring has an outer diameter of 10 cm and an inner diameter of 9.5 cm. The mass of the ring is 10 g. The force required to pull the ring from the liquid is the weight corresponding to a mass of 16 g. What is the surface tension of the liquid in N/m?

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Temperature effects on atom arrangements

Atoms are the smallest units of matter. Atoms can be subdivided into electrons, protons, and several other subatomic particles. Groups or combinations of atoms form molecules that primarily decide the property and behavior of materials. These molecules have the property to attract other molecules based on the valence electrons in the atoms' outermost orbit. An orderly arrangement of molecules is known as crystal structure, which forms the fundamental topic of concern in materials science and engineering. The arrangement of molecules is different for different materials and hence, each material exhibits different lattice arrangements. The lattice arrangements are functions of external loads, deformations, and temperature. On experiencing high temperatures or low temperatures, the behavior of the lattice arrangement of a material change.