The stress at a point is shown on the element. Determine (a) principal stress, (b) maximum in-plane shear stress. Specify the orientation of the element in each case. Find also the (c) the stress in the element on the inclined plane. (See required values in answer sheet format) 50 MPa 25 MPa 45 MPa 45 MPa 35 50 MPa

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Highway Surveys and Location

Surveying is an operation in the civil engineering domain that requires collecting and identifying data regarding an area of land and topography. The data that is collected can be helped to plan and undertake the construction process. Civil engineers perform surveys to gather three-dimensional information regarding a particular area. Engineers specify several points on the surface of the earth and relationship between points, and the distance and angles between the points are evaluated. The data from this evaluation guides in drawing plans regarding buildings and structures.