The sodium channel and nuclear pore are two effective diffusion barriers. What is the major difference in how they operate? Only one can be post-translationally modified to change their binding preferences Only one uses disordered proteins to form the barrier Only one uses structured proteins to promote transport Only one serves an essential function for the cell Only one uses amino acids to form the barrier

The sodium channel and nuclear pore are two effective diffusion barriers. What is the major difference in how they operate? Only one can be post-translationally modified to change their binding preferences Only one uses disordered proteins to form the barrier Only one uses structured proteins to promote transport Only one serves an essential function for the cell Only one uses amino acids to form the barrier

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter9: Cell Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD

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The principal force driving movement in diffusion is______. a. temperature b. particle size c. concentration gradient d. membrane surface area
Figure 15.16 Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome, and chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect would you expect each of these antibiotics to have on protein synthesis? Tetracycline would directly affect: tRNA binding to the ribosome ribosome assembly growth of the protein chain Chloramphenicol would directly affect tRNA binding to the ribosome ribosome assembly growth of the protein chain
Which of the following sequences correctly lists in order the steps involved in the incorporation of a proteinaceous molecule within a cell? protein synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the Golgi apparatus; packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the vesicle synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; tagging in the Golgi; packaging in the vesicle; distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; packaging in the vesicle; distribution via the Golgi; tagging in the endoplasmic reticulum
Put the following structures in order according to the pathway of a secreted protein: a. plasma membrane b. Golgi bodies c. endoplasmic reticulum d. post-Golgi vesicles
All of the following are true of integrins except (a) they are receptor proteins (b) they help organize the cytoskeleton (c) they are part of the ECM (d) they are important in cell signaling (e) they are located in the plasma membrane
Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________. receptor proteins integral proteins peripheral proteins glycoproteins
Figure 16.13 An increase in phosphorylation levels of elF-2 has been observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. What impact do you think this might have on protein synthesis?
Indicate in which category, transcription or translation, each of the following functions belongs: RNA poly-merase, ribosomes, nucleotides, tRNA, pre-mRNA, DNA, anticodon, amino acids.
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why is targeting protein synthesis an effective strategy for preventing infection?
A scientist compares the plasma membrane composition of an animal from the Mediterranean coast with one from the Mojave Desert. Which hypothesis is most likely to be correct? The cells from the Mediterranean coast animal will have more fluid plasma membranes The cells from the Mojave Desert animal will have a higher cholesterol concentration in the plasma membranes The cells’ plasma membranes will be indistinguishable The cells from the Mediterranean coast animal will have a higher glycoprotein content, while the cells from the Mojave Desert animal will have a higher lipoprotein content.
Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency. multipotency, pleuripotency, oligopotency, unipotency pleuripotency, oligopotency, multipotency, unipotency oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency
Figure 4.18 If a peripheral membrane protein were synthesized in the lumen (inside) of the ER, would it end up on the inside or outside of the plasma membrane?