The silencing or expressing of particular genes in offspring is proposed to be a type of parental conflict. Specific patterns of amine groups are added to particular cystine bases in the DNA of sperm and eggs. The expression of all the genes in an organism is regulated through this differential chemical modification. The gene coding for insulin-like growth factor is silenced in the gametes of a female housecat. The differences between hinnies and mules are a result of parent-of-origin effects in developmental genes.

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Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.