The same shaft, as in the previous question, is considered here again with the following material properties: Ultimate Tensile Strength=610 MPa, Yield Strength= 505 MPa. Suppose that the shaft is subjected to a cyclic load with mean stress (m) and stress amplitude (a) equal to Om=85 MPa and Oa=270 MPa, respectively. Using a modified Goodman diagram, determine the fatigue strength required for the shaft in MPa. (Hint: Round-off your answer to 4 decimal places). d/4 d r d/8 ↓

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Q: 700 600 500 400 S 300 200 100 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 e S (MPa)

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.