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- Complement proteins function in defense by _______. a. neutralizing toxins b. enhancing resident bacteria c. promoting inflammation d. forming pores that cause pathogens to disintegrate e. both a and b f. both c and dMatch the immunity concepts: __________ inflammation __________ antibody secretion __________ phagocyte __________ immunological memory __________ vaccination __________ allergy a. neutrophil b. plasma cell c. nonspecific response d. purposely causing memory cell production e. basis of secondary immune response f. nonprotective immune responseThe process where antibody will cause microbes to be connected together so they can no longer cause infection is called: excision inactivation coarctation agglutination
- All of the following are true about neutralizing antibodies, except: Group of answer choices Bind to the spike protein Bind to the ACE2 receptor binding domain Prevents virus from replicating in cells Have emergency approval use for use as treatment in COVID19 Allows viruses to enter cells and replicateDescribe and give one example: artificial active acquired immunity artificial passive acquired immunity natural active acquired immunity natural passive acquired immunityThe antibody surface involved in antigen binding varies depending on the size and nature of the antigen. This surface can be concave or flat, and sometimes, can have extended protrusions. This is accomplished by: Flexibility in the hinge regions of the antibody allowing rotation of the antigen-binding sites Some antibodies using V region framework sequences instead of the CDRs to bind antigen The ability of different CDR sequences to form many structurally distinct shapes and surfaces The ability of the same heavy chain to pair with different light chains The differential usage of κ versus λ light chains, as κ chains form concave
- Match the antibody classes with their characteristics: IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD Most efficient for agglutination Most abundant in blood; easily penetrates tissue spaces Most abundant in mucus; traps pathogens in mucus Located on the surface of B cells; trace amounts can be found in serum Least abundant; helps stimulate inflammatory responseWhat is the first step in the antigen-antibody interaction? phagocytosis agglutination neutralization opsonization epitope productionDescribes the relationship of the following terms using short terms: Adhesion Molecule(s)Anergic T cellAntigen PresentationAntigen Processing
- True/False: Antibody binding to a pathogen surface is greatly enhanced when both antigen-binding sites of the antibody are engaged at once, a feature known as bivalent binding. It is possible for antibodies to bind bivalently to a wide variety of components on many different pathogen surfaces due to the flexibility in the protein at the hinge region and at the V–C junction.Classify the following images into the type of defense it represents. Interleukin Other cytokines Macrophage, B cell, or other antigen-presenting cell Clonal selection of B cells Helper T (T4) cell Macrophage- activating factor Other cytokines Macrophage activity Leukocyte chemotaxis Inflammation Interleukin Other cytokines Cellular Immunity Humoral Immunity Nonspecific Defense Clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells Next> 51 of 83 PrevGenerally, polysaccharides are not good antigens, because B cells that recognize them cannot get T-cell help. But for some pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae opsonization by antibodies that bind the thick polysaccharide "capsule" layer surrounding the bacteria is the major mechanism of clearing the infection. As expected, a pure polysaccharide vaccine is not terribly effective, but much better immunity is achieved by vaccinating with a polysaccharide covalently linked "conjugated" to an unrelated protein. Explain how this conjugate vaccine allows B cells capable of making anti-polysaccharide antibodies.