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The presence of others has been shown to influence individual behavior in a number of ways, including improved performance on basic or familiar tasks and inhibited performance on more complex tasks. In a study, researchers hypothesized that individual attitudes would also be influenced by the presence of others, even when there was no direct communication between the individual and those surrounding them. Participants were randomly assigned to complete a simple card-sorting task administered by a male or female research assistant. Half of the participants were administered the card-sorting task alone, while the other half were administered the task at a table along with other participants. The administrator of the card-sorting task displayed a positive (smiling, consistent eye contact, and pleasant tone of voice) or negative (scowling, poor eye contact, impatient foot tapping) attitude by using a variety of nonverbal cues toward half of the participants in each condition. Therefore, participants were in one of four treatment conditions: negative administrator alone, positive administrator alone, negative administrator with others, and positive administrator with others. After completion of the task, participants were asked to independently complete a questionnaire about demographic variables (such as age, gender, and race/ethnicity) and to rate their attitude toward the administrator of the card-sorting task (0 = extremely negative; 10 = extremely positive). Figure 1 shows the average attitude ratings that participants of the study assigned to the administrator in each experimental condition. Participant ratings of administrator 10T 9+ 8+ 5 2- 1 Alone With others Grouping condition positive administr attitude negative administ attitude Figure 1 Participant attitude toward administrator based on grouping condition Adapted from S. L. Thomas, L. J. Skitka, S. Christen, and M. Jurgena. ©2002 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. If participants in the study rated the administrator's attitude more inconsistently in the "Alone" condition than in the "With Others" condition, then: O A. the mean in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. OB. the mode in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. OC. the median in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. OD. the standard deviation in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition.

The presence of others has been shown to influence individual behavior in a number of ways, including improved performance on basic or familiar tasks and inhibited performance on more complex tasks. In a study, researchers hypothesized that individual attitudes would also be influenced by the presence of others, even when there was no direct communication between the individual and those surrounding them. Participants were randomly assigned to complete a simple card-sorting task administered by a male or female research assistant. Half of the participants were administered the card-sorting task alone, while the other half were administered the task at a table along with other participants. The administrator of the card-sorting task displayed a positive (smiling, consistent eye contact, and pleasant tone of voice) or negative (scowling, poor eye contact, impatient foot tapping) attitude by using a variety of nonverbal cues toward half of the participants in each condition. Therefore, participants were in one of four treatment conditions: negative administrator alone, positive administrator alone, negative administrator with others, and positive administrator with others. After completion of the task, participants were asked to independently complete a questionnaire about demographic variables (such as age, gender, and race/ethnicity) and to rate their attitude toward the administrator of the card-sorting task (0 = extremely negative; 10 = extremely positive). Figure 1 shows the average attitude ratings that participants of the study assigned to the administrator in each experimental condition. Participant ratings of administrator 10T 9+ 8+ 5 2- 1 Alone With others Grouping condition positive administr attitude negative administ attitude Figure 1 Participant attitude toward administrator based on grouping condition Adapted from S. L. Thomas, L. J. Skitka, S. Christen, and M. Jurgena. ©2002 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. If participants in the study rated the administrator's attitude more inconsistently in the "Alone" condition than in the "With Others" condition, then: O A. the mean in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. OB. the mode in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. OC. the median in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. OD. the standard deviation in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition.

Social Psychology (10th Edition)
Social Psychology (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN:9780134641287
Author:Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers
Publisher:Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers
Chapter1: Introducing Social Psychology
Section: Chapter Questions
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The presence of others has been shown to influence individual behavior in a number of ways, including improved performance on basic or familiar tasks and inhibited performance on more complex tasks. In a study, researchers hypothesized that individual attitudes would also be influenced by the presence of others, even when there was no direct communication between the individual and those surrounding them. Participants were randomly assigned to complete a simple card-sorting task administered by a male or female research assistant. Half of the participants were administered the card-sorting task alone, while the other half were administered the task at a table along with other participants. The administrator of the card-sorting task displayed a positive (smiling, consistent eye contact, and pleasant tone of voice) or negative (scowling, poor eye contact, impatient foot tapping) attitude by using a variety of nonverbal cues toward half of the participants in each condition. Therefore, participants were in one of four treatment conditions: negative administrator alone, positive administrator alone, negative administrator with others, and positive administrator with others. After completion of the task, participants were asked to independently complete a questionnaire about demographic variables (such as age, gender, and race/ethnicity) and to rate their attitude toward the administrator of the card-sorting task (0 = extremely ative; 10 = extremely positive). Figure 1 shows the average attitude ratings that participants of the study assigned to the administrator in each experimental condition. Participant ratings of administrator IL Alone Grouping condition With others Inc. Figure 1 Participant attitude toward administrator based on grouping condition Adapted from S. L. Thomas, L. J. Skitka, S. Christen, and M. Jurgena. ©2002 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, positive administr attitude negative administ attitude If participants in the study rated the administrator's attitude more inconsistently in the "Alone" condition than in the "With Others" condition, then: O A. the mean in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. O B. the mode in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. OC. the median in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. O D. the standard deviation in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. In the study, what is the most likely outcome if participants exhibited social facilitation? O A. Participants who are with others will look at others' card- sorting strategies and use a similar strategy to complete the task. OB. Participants who are alone will perform better on the card- sorting task than those who are with others. OC. Participants who are with others will perform better on the card-sorting task than those alone. O D. Participants who are with others will exert less effort to complete the card-sorting task since they are pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal. Based on the elaboration likelihood model, which type of processing was most likely induced by the administrator when interacting with the participants? OA. High elaboration processing O B. Central route processing O c. Careful processing OD. Peripheral route processing Which conclusion demonstrates a fundamental attribution error when interpreting the results of the study? O A. train employees to conduct a variety of tasks. O B. select employees based on technical qualifications. O C. require employees to seek consensus in decisions. O D. evaluate employees based on individualized criteria. O A. Dispositional attributions of others' behavior are weaker when attitude ratings are influenced by the presence of others than when alone. OB. Dispositional attributions of others' behavior are stronger when attitude ratings are influenced by the presence of others than when alone. OC. Situational attributions of others' behavior are weaker when attitude ratings are influenced when alone than when in the presence of others. O D. Situational attributions of others' behavior are stronger when attitude ratings are influenced by the presence of others than when alone. Weber's characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy suggest that most formal organizations will:
Transcribed Image Text:The presence of others has been shown to influence individual behavior in a number of ways, including improved performance on basic or familiar tasks and inhibited performance on more complex tasks. In a study, researchers hypothesized that individual attitudes would also be influenced by the presence of others, even when there was no direct communication between the individual and those surrounding them. Participants were randomly assigned to complete a simple card-sorting task administered by a male or female research assistant. Half of the participants were administered the card-sorting task alone, while the other half were administered the task at a table along with other participants. The administrator of the card-sorting task displayed a positive (smiling, consistent eye contact, and pleasant tone of voice) or negative (scowling, poor eye contact, impatient foot tapping) attitude by using a variety of nonverbal cues toward half of the participants in each condition. Therefore, participants were in one of four treatment conditions: negative administrator alone, positive administrator alone, negative administrator with others, and positive administrator with others. After completion of the task, participants were asked to independently complete a questionnaire about demographic variables (such as age, gender, and race/ethnicity) and to rate their attitude toward the administrator of the card-sorting task (0 = extremely ative; 10 = extremely positive). Figure 1 shows the average attitude ratings that participants of the study assigned to the administrator in each experimental condition. Participant ratings of administrator IL Alone Grouping condition With others Inc. Figure 1 Participant attitude toward administrator based on grouping condition Adapted from S. L. Thomas, L. J. Skitka, S. Christen, and M. Jurgena. ©2002 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, positive administr attitude negative administ attitude If participants in the study rated the administrator's attitude more inconsistently in the "Alone" condition than in the "With Others" condition, then: O A. the mean in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. O B. the mode in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. OC. the median in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. O D. the standard deviation in the "Alone" condition would be higher than in the "With Others" condition. In the study, what is the most likely outcome if participants exhibited social facilitation? O A. Participants who are with others will look at others' card- sorting strategies and use a similar strategy to complete the task. OB. Participants who are alone will perform better on the card- sorting task than those who are with others. OC. Participants who are with others will perform better on the card-sorting task than those alone. O D. Participants who are with others will exert less effort to complete the card-sorting task since they are pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal. Based on the elaboration likelihood model, which type of processing was most likely induced by the administrator when interacting with the participants? OA. High elaboration processing O B. Central route processing O c. Careful processing OD. Peripheral route processing Which conclusion demonstrates a fundamental attribution error when interpreting the results of the study? O A. train employees to conduct a variety of tasks. O B. select employees based on technical qualifications. O C. require employees to seek consensus in decisions. O D. evaluate employees based on individualized criteria. O A. Dispositional attributions of others' behavior are weaker when attitude ratings are influenced by the presence of others than when alone. OB. Dispositional attributions of others' behavior are stronger when attitude ratings are influenced by the presence of others than when alone. OC. Situational attributions of others' behavior are weaker when attitude ratings are influenced when alone than when in the presence of others. O D. Situational attributions of others' behavior are stronger when attitude ratings are influenced by the presence of others than when alone. Weber's characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy suggest that most formal organizations will:
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