The line-angle formula for uric acid is shown below. What is the geometry relative to the atom indicated? linear trigonal planar tetrahedral Otrigonal pyramid bent NH
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
- linear
- trigonal planar
- tetrahedral
- trigonal pyramid
- bent
### Detailed Explanation:
**Molecular Structure and Geometry Analysis:**
The image shows the line-angle formula of uric acid, a bicyclic molecule that is common in biological systems as a product of purine metabolism. Within the molecule:
- **Nitrogen (N) Atoms:** Indicated by the unlabeled corners in the rings where lines meet (without any element symbol).
- **Oxygen (O) Atoms:** Indicated explicitly within the structure.
- **Carbon (C) Atoms:** Typically assumed at the corners connecting the bonds when not otherwise indicated.
The molecule centers around two fused rings that include both nitrogen and carbon atoms. A specific carbon atom is highlighted by the black arrow pointing to it.
**Options for Geometry:**
1. **Linear:** This geometry occurs when two atoms are connected in a straight line with a bond angle of 180°.
2. **Trigonal Planar:** This geometry features atoms arranged around a central atom in a triangle, with 120° bond angles.
3. **Tetrahedral:** Atoms are arranged around a central atom in a pyramid-like shape with 109.5° bond angles.
4. **Trigonal Pyramid:** Similar to tetrahedral but with one position occupied by a lone pair resulting in approximately 107° bond angles.
5. **Bent:** Occurs typically in molecules with lone pairs with bond angles less than 109.5°.
### Conclusion:
To determine the geometry, consider the indicated atom (highlighted by the black arrow). This atom forms part of a benzene-like ring structure, bonded to multiple atoms. Since it's part of a ring with three bonds and no lone pairs, the geometry around this carbon atom is:
- **Trigonal planar:** The atom is bonded in a planar arrangement due to resonance in the structure, typical in ring systems involving sp2 hybridized carbon atoms.
**Answer: Trigonal planar**](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F1e9bfdf7-5308-4b01-ad19-e254164241da%2F8498e4b4-f7ed-42ec-9b1c-e63c6deb493d%2Fgnk4pf_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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