The illustration best describes: A dormant bacterial infection A dormant viral infection An active bacterial infection An active viral infection

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
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ISBN:9780134580999
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Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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The illustration best describes:

A dormant bacterial infection

A dormant viral infection

An active bacterial infection

An active viral infection
This image illustrates the lifecycle of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) within a host cell, detailing each step of the viral replication process.

1. **Attachment**: The HIV virus attaches to the host cell's surface. This process involves the viral envelope spikes, which interact with receptors on the host cell membrane.

2. **Fusion**: The viral envelope fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell, allowing the viral capsid to enter the cell.

3. **Entry**: After fusion, the viral capsid and contents are released into the host cell's cytoplasm.

4. **Reverse Transcription**: The viral RNA is reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

5. **Integration**: The newly formed double-stranded viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA with the help of the enzyme integrase, forming the HIV provirus.

6. **Biosynthesis and Cleavage**: Viral RNA is produced via transcription of the integrated viral DNA. This RNA serves as the genome for new virus particles and is also translated into viral proteins at ribosomes. The viral proteins are then cleaved by proteases.

7. **Assembly**: New viral particles are assembled from the newly synthesized viral RNA and proteins.

8. **Budding**: The newly formed viral particles bud off from the host cell, acquiring a portion of the host cell's plasma membrane as its envelope. This host cell membrane features viral envelope spikes essential for future infections.

The diagram vividly shows how HIV hijacks a host cell's machinery to replicate and produce new viral particles, ultimately leading to the spread of infection.
Transcribed Image Text:This image illustrates the lifecycle of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) within a host cell, detailing each step of the viral replication process. 1. **Attachment**: The HIV virus attaches to the host cell's surface. This process involves the viral envelope spikes, which interact with receptors on the host cell membrane. 2. **Fusion**: The viral envelope fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell, allowing the viral capsid to enter the cell. 3. **Entry**: After fusion, the viral capsid and contents are released into the host cell's cytoplasm. 4. **Reverse Transcription**: The viral RNA is reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. 5. **Integration**: The newly formed double-stranded viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA with the help of the enzyme integrase, forming the HIV provirus. 6. **Biosynthesis and Cleavage**: Viral RNA is produced via transcription of the integrated viral DNA. This RNA serves as the genome for new virus particles and is also translated into viral proteins at ribosomes. The viral proteins are then cleaved by proteases. 7. **Assembly**: New viral particles are assembled from the newly synthesized viral RNA and proteins. 8. **Budding**: The newly formed viral particles bud off from the host cell, acquiring a portion of the host cell's plasma membrane as its envelope. This host cell membrane features viral envelope spikes essential for future infections. The diagram vividly shows how HIV hijacks a host cell's machinery to replicate and produce new viral particles, ultimately leading to the spread of infection.
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