The given truss structure is loaded by a force F at the joint D and is to examine their buckling resistance. All bars have a circular cross-sectional area. F D E A3,L3 EA,L EA,L V3 A. B (a) Calculate the length L3 of the unloaded member 3 and the displacement coefficients of the joint of D in the r and y directions when the force F is applied. (b)How big are the bar forces? (c) Which staff are fundamentally at risk of buckling?

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.