The Gibbs free energy can be defined as the maximum amount of non-expansion work performed by a closed system. This statement is true under which condition? A. Constant Temperature alone B. Constant Volume alone C. Constant Pressure alone D. Both Pressure and Temperature constant E. Both Pressure and Volume constant
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- In discussing the energy of a physiological system, the Gibbs free energy is most relevant. Since the value of entropy cannot be known, change in the Gibbs free energy is more commonly used. In order to get reliable result we should hold all variables constant except the one we are interested in measuring. If you are interested in studying respiration in this perspective, which one of the following should be measured? Select one: a. Change in temperature b. Change in length c. Change in number of molecules d. Change in electrical charge e. Change in pressureWhich statements concerning free energy change are true?a. Free energy change is a measure of the rate of a reaction.b. Free energy change is a measure of the maximum amountof work available from a reaction.c. Free energy change is a constant for a reaction under anyconditions.d. Free energy change is related to the equilibrium constantfor a specific reaction.e. Free energy change is equal to zero at equilibrium.At 39.9ºC, a solution of ethanol (XetOH = 0.9006, P * etOH = 130.4 Torr) and isooctane (P * iso = 43.9 Torr) forms a vapor phase with YetOH = 0.6667. The total pressure is 185.9 a. Calculate the activity and the activity coefficient of each component.b. Calculate the total pressure the solution would have if it were ideal.c. Comparing the ideal pressure to the actual pressure, what does this indicate about the molecular interactions?
- Which of the following correctly explains why the vapor pressure of water has to be included in the calculations? Some of the liquid water evaporates into the gas, and increases the total pressure generated by the trapped gas. As the H2(g) is bubbled up the reaction solution, some of the H2(g) molecules are solubilized by water in the aqueous solution, effectively decreasing the measured pressure above. The pressure contributed by the H2(g) is greater than the measured total pressure because of the contribution of partial pressure of water vapor. The pressure exerted by the evolved H2(g) is reduced because of the co-presence of water vapor, thus Pwater vapor has to be added to Pdry gas. Overview of the experiment:Using the following plot, calculate the change in entropy (J/mol K). 2.000 In(Kp) vs 1/T(K) 1.500 1.000 0.500 0.000 E-0.500 y =-20963x+66.984 2= 0.9915 -1.000 -1.500 -2.000 -2.500 -3.000 -3.500 0.00310 0.00315 0.00320 0.00325 0.00330 0.000335 0.00340 1/T(K) In(Ksp)The distribution of Na* ions across a typical biological membrane is 10 mmol/dm3 inside the cell, and 140 mmol/dm³ outside the cell. At equilibrium, the concentrations across the membrane are equal. What is the Gibbs energy difference across the membrane at 37°C? The stated difference in concentration MUST be maintained by coupling to reactions that have at least your calculated difference of Gibbs energy. Ans: 6.8 kJ/mol
- 1. Bomb calorimeters are used to determine the heat of combustion of various samples like fuels. Benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) is typically used as a standard in calibrating bomb calorimeters . In a typical reaction 1.20 g of benzoic acid was burned in excess oxygen gas and releases 31.723 kJ of energy . The temperature of the water bath of the calorimeter is 24.6 degrees Celsius . A. Calculate heat B. Calculate change in internal energy C. Calculate work D. What is its change in enthalpyFigure 6.8 Look at each of the processes shown, and decide if it is endergonic or exergonic. In each case, does enthalpy increase or decrease, and does entropy increase or decrease?What statements concerning free energy change are true or false? a. Free energy change is a measure of the rate of a reaction. b. Free energy change is a measure of the maximum amount of work available from a reaction. c. Free energy change is a constant for a reaction under any conditions. d. Free energy is related to the equilibrium constant for a specific reaction. e. Free energy change is equal to zero at equilibrium
- In an experiment, identical heat lamps are arranged to shine on two identical containers, one containing water and the other containing, methanol, a nonpolar compound. Each liq- uid absorbed the same amount of energy minute by minute, and the change in tempera- ture over time was recorded for each molecule. The results from the experiment are illus trated in the graph below. A B 40 с temperature (°C) D 25 The heat-related temperature of water and methanol increases over time. methanol Which of the following best explains the results illustrated in the above figure? time (minutes) water 20 Water temperature increases more quickly because part of the supplied heat energy is used to transition the water molecules from a liquid physical state to a gaseous physical state, which does not occur in methanol Water temperature increases more quickly because part of the supplied heat energy is used to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, which do not occur be tween methanol…endothermic reactions absorb energy from their surroundings. If chemicals for an endothermic reaction are added to water, the water's temperature drops (the water gets colder! Ever use a first aid "cold pack", where you squeeze a pouch to release chemicals inside and the pouch becomes ice cold? That's an endothermic reaction!) For endothermic reactions, when you use the equation Q = m x C x (delta T), the "Q" is a negative number because the water LOSES energy. The answer is negative because the water temperature drops, the CHANGE registered on the thermometer is negative. Type a negative number to answer this question: if your water starts at 19 degrees Celsius, and a couple of minutes after adding chemicals the water temperature becomes 15 degrees, the value of "delta T" is degrees Celsius. *Answer the following question using the reaction coordinàte diagram shown below. 280 240 200 160- 120- 80 40 Time How would the addition of a catalyst affect the reaction? A. The rate of reaction will increase because potential energy of the reactants is increased. B. Catalysts have no effect on reactions. O C. The rate of reaction will decrease because the activation energy is lowered. D. The rate of reaction will increase because the activation energy is decreased. Chp Co Heat content (H) kilojoules
