The frame shown in Figure Q2 is pinned to the foundation at A and D and has rigid joints at B and C. The relative values of the flexural rigidities of the members are as shown. Use the matrix displacement (stiffness) method to calculate the principal bending moments for the frame. Sketch the bending moment diagram of the frame. 60 kN 60 kN 2 m 2 m B 2 El C El 3 m 4 m 15 kN/m El 6 m

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.