Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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![**The following is an example of a(n) ____________ reaction:**
\[ \text{HC(OH) + NADH} \xrightarrow{\text{CR}} \text{HCH + NAD}^+ \text{ + H}_2\text{O} \]
*Options:*
- Addition
- Reduction
- Hydrolysis
- Oxidation
- Over
**Explanation:**
In this chemical equation, an alcohol group (–OH) is oxidized to an aldehyde (–CHO). Additionally, NADH is oxidized to NAD⁺. This type of reaction is an example of an oxidation reaction. Select the correct answer by choosing the radiobutton next to "oxidation."](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F13099201-a541-499b-ba16-bcbe014bfad2%2F7611f3f7-f0fc-4040-8bc9-76a05b743c6c%2Fw7e91m_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**The following is an example of a(n) ____________ reaction:**
\[ \text{HC(OH) + NADH} \xrightarrow{\text{CR}} \text{HCH + NAD}^+ \text{ + H}_2\text{O} \]
*Options:*
- Addition
- Reduction
- Hydrolysis
- Oxidation
- Over
**Explanation:**
In this chemical equation, an alcohol group (–OH) is oxidized to an aldehyde (–CHO). Additionally, NADH is oxidized to NAD⁺. This type of reaction is an example of an oxidation reaction. Select the correct answer by choosing the radiobutton next to "oxidation."
![**Oxidation State of Carbon in Organic Compounds**
**Question:**
What is the oxidation state on the central carbon in the following compound?
**Compound:**
```
H- C H
| |
H3CO C OH
```
**Options:**
- 0
- +1
- +2
- +3
- +4
**Explanation:**
To determine the oxidation state of the central carbon atom in the compound, follow these steps:
1. **Assign known oxidation states:**
- Hydrogen (H) typically has an oxidation state of +1.
- Oxygen (O) typically has an oxidation state of -2.
2. **Write down the oxidation state for each element:**
- The central carbon (C) is bonded to two hydrogen atoms, one hydroxyl group (OH), and one methoxy group (H3CO).
3. **Calculate the oxidation state of the central carbon (C):**
- Let \( x \) be the oxidation state of the central carbon.
- The total oxidation state for a neutral molecule should be 0.
4. **Set up the equation:**
- For each hydrogen attached to the central carbon: \( 2(+1) \) (as there are two hydrogens).
- The oxidation state of oxygen in OH group is -2, and in H3CO group oxygen also contributes -2.
- The methoxy group (CH3O-) can be considered to have the carbon (-3), three hydrogen (+3 in total), and one oxygen (-2).
The equation based on the compound should balance:
\[
x + 1 + 1 + (-2) + (-2) = 0
\]
Simplify and solve:
\[
x + 2 - 4 = 0 \implies x-2 = 0 \implies x = +2
\]
**Correct Answer:**
- +2](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F13099201-a541-499b-ba16-bcbe014bfad2%2F7611f3f7-f0fc-4040-8bc9-76a05b743c6c%2F1fh64c_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Oxidation State of Carbon in Organic Compounds**
**Question:**
What is the oxidation state on the central carbon in the following compound?
**Compound:**
```
H- C H
| |
H3CO C OH
```
**Options:**
- 0
- +1
- +2
- +3
- +4
**Explanation:**
To determine the oxidation state of the central carbon atom in the compound, follow these steps:
1. **Assign known oxidation states:**
- Hydrogen (H) typically has an oxidation state of +1.
- Oxygen (O) typically has an oxidation state of -2.
2. **Write down the oxidation state for each element:**
- The central carbon (C) is bonded to two hydrogen atoms, one hydroxyl group (OH), and one methoxy group (H3CO).
3. **Calculate the oxidation state of the central carbon (C):**
- Let \( x \) be the oxidation state of the central carbon.
- The total oxidation state for a neutral molecule should be 0.
4. **Set up the equation:**
- For each hydrogen attached to the central carbon: \( 2(+1) \) (as there are two hydrogens).
- The oxidation state of oxygen in OH group is -2, and in H3CO group oxygen also contributes -2.
- The methoxy group (CH3O-) can be considered to have the carbon (-3), three hydrogen (+3 in total), and one oxygen (-2).
The equation based on the compound should balance:
\[
x + 1 + 1 + (-2) + (-2) = 0
\]
Simplify and solve:
\[
x + 2 - 4 = 0 \implies x-2 = 0 \implies x = +2
\]
**Correct Answer:**
- +2
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