The following data were obtained by stadia observation: vertical angle, + 12deg 51 min; upper and lower stadia hair reading, 4.311 and 3.730 m, respectively. the rod reading was taken at 3.785m above the stadia point A and the height of instrument set up at point B is 1.620m. If the stadia interval factor is 99.5 and the stadia constant is 0.381 m, what is the difference in elevation? а. 24.109 b. 34.321 С. 20.852 d. 10.455

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Estimating construction costs

The determination of the cost of various items that would be required to carry out a construction project successfully is termed the estimation of construction costs. For preparing an estimate, the quantities of the materials are calculated from the construction drawings or blueprint design using formulas, and using these quantities, the construction cost estimating is done. The estimation process can be manual or it can be computed using construction estimating softwares such as RSmeans, STACK, and ProEst.