The following data summarizes in part the results of operations for 2021 of Place Company. Of the total cost of goods manufactured for 2021, 38% was for materials used, 30% for direct labor, and 32% for manufacturing overhead. During 2021, the company paid 90% of the materials purchased, leaving P293,000 of unpaid invoices for materials at year end. The company commenced 2021 operations with materials inventory of P421,000. All materials were purchased FOB company's plant. The company disbursed P2,101,500 for direct labor during 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the accrued liability for direct labor amounted to P144,000, which was twice as much as last year's accrual. The inventory of finished goods on December 31, 2021, was 10% of the cost of the units finished during the year, and goods in process on that date were one-half the finished goods inventory. This year's finished goods inventory was 150% of last year. There are no in process last
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis is a cost accounting method that analyses the effect of fluctuating cost and volume on the operating profit. Also known as break-even analysis, CVP determines the break-even point for varying volumes of sales and cost structures. This information helps the managers make economic decisions on a short-term basis. CVP analysis is based on many assumptions. Sales price, variable costs, and fixed costs per unit are assumed to be constant. The analysis also assumes that all units produced are sold and costs get impacted due to changes in activities. All costs incurred by the company like administrative, manufacturing, and selling costs are identified as either fixed or variable.
Marginal Costing
Marginal cost is defined as the change in the total cost which takes place when one additional unit of a product is manufactured. The marginal cost is influenced only by the variations which generally occur in the variable costs because the fixed costs remain the same irrespective of the output produced. The concept of marginal cost is used for product pricing when the customers want the lowest possible price for a certain number of orders. There is no accounting entry for marginal cost and it is only used by the management for taking effective decisions.
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