The following consecutive readings were taken with a level and 4 m staff on continuously sloping ground at a common interval of 30 m. 0.780, 1.535, 1.955, 2.430, 2.985, 3.480, 1.155, 1.960, 2.365, 3.640, 0.935, 1.045, 1.630, and 2.545. The reduced level of the first point was 180.750. Rule out a page of a level field book and enter the above readings. Calculate the reduced levels of the points and also the gradient of the line joining the first and last points.

Q: Q4: a. The following readings were observed successfully with a leveling instrument. The instrument…

A:

Q: Reduce the set of differential leveling notes in Table 2-11, and perform the arithmetic check.…

A:

Q: 1) Complete the leveling field notes shown in the table by computing recording the elevation for…

A: stationB.SI.SF.SHI…

Q: Reciprocal levelling is done to test a dumpy level, along a chain line, at a common interval of 25m,…

A: Given DatReduced Levels (RLs) at first station = 97.535 mReadings (BS, IS, FS) = 3.200, 2.135,…

Q: STA BS HI FS ELEV BM1 2.883 130.016 127.133 ТР1 2.743 129.710 3.049 126.967 ТР2 2.855 129.876 2.690…

A: Leveling is the linear measurement process in which we establish the leveling instrument and…

Q: Reciprocal levelling is done to test a dumpy level, along a chain line, at a common interval of 15m,…

A: The readings from the dumpy level are given with 135m as the starting point with 15m intervals,…

Q: The following consecutive readings were taken with a leveling instrument at intervals of 25 m.…

A: There are two methods of solving this problem. 1.Height of instrument method (HI method) 2.…

Errors in surveying

An error in surveying is defined as the difference between two or more values of an identical quantity. However, the estimates are never accurate and there will always be a degree of variability regardless of the research tool or method used. These differences are known as errors that need to be reduced or eliminated to maintain certain levels of accuracy. Even if you carefully follow the prescribed test procedures, the considerations may contain errors.