The figure shows four particles, each of mass 17.5 g, that form a square with an edge length of d = 0.600 m. If d is reduced to 0.150 m, what is the change in the gravitational potential energy of the four-particle system? P
Kinematics
A machine is a device that accepts energy in some available form and utilizes it to do a type of work. Energy, work, or power has to be transferred from one mechanical part to another to run a machine. While the transfer of energy between two machine parts, those two parts experience a relative motion with each other. Studying such relative motions is termed kinematics.
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
In physics, work is the product of the net force in direction of the displacement and the magnitude of this displacement or it can also be defined as the energy transfer of an object when it is moved for a distance due to the forces acting on it in the direction of displacement and perpendicular to the displacement which is called the normal force. Energy is the capacity of any object doing work. The SI unit of work is joule and energy is Joule. This principle follows the second law of Newton's law of motion where the net force causes the acceleration of an object. The force of gravity which is downward force and the normal force acting on an object which is perpendicular to the object are equal in magnitude but opposite to the direction, so while determining the net force, these two components cancel out. The net force is the horizontal component of the force and in our explanation, we consider everything as frictionless surface since friction should also be calculated while called the work-energy component of the object. The two most basics of energy classification are potential energy and kinetic energy. There are various kinds of kinetic energy like chemical, mechanical, thermal, nuclear, electrical, radiant energy, and so on. The work is done when there is a change in energy and it mainly depends on the application of force and movement of the object. Let us say how much work is needed to lift a 5kg ball 5m high. Work is mathematically represented as Force ×Displacement. So it will be 5kg times the gravitational constant on earth and the distance moved by the object. Wnet=Fnet times Displacement.
![### Problem Description:
The figure shows four particles, each of mass 17.5 g, that form a square with an edge length of \( d = 0.600 \, \text{m} \). If \( d \) is reduced to 0.150 m, what is the change in the gravitational potential energy of the four-particle system?
### Diagram Explanation:
#### Square Formation of Particles:
- The diagram represents four particles situated at the corners of a square.
- Each side of the square is labeled as \( d \), indicating its edge length.
- Initially, the edge length \( d \) is 0.600 m.
### Calculation of Gravitational Potential Energy:
Gravitational potential energy \( U \) between two particles of masses \( m_1 \) and \( m_2 \) separated by a distance \( r \) is given by:
\[ U = -\frac{G m_1 m_2}{r} \]
Where:
- \( G \) is the gravitational constant (\( 6.674 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{Nm}^2/\text{kg}^2 \)),
- \( m_1 \) and \( m_2 \) are the masses of the particles,
- \( r \) is the distance between the particles.
### Explanation of Changes in Potential Energy:
#### Initial Setup:
- Four particles form a square with \( d = 0.600 \, \text{m} \).
- Distance between adjacent particles is \( d \).
- Distance between diagonally opposite particles (using Pythagoras' theorem) is \( \sqrt{d^2 + d^2} = \sqrt{2}d = 0.849 \, \text{m} \).
#### Modified Setup:
- \( d \) is reduced to 0.150 m.
- Distance between adjacent particles is \( d = 0.150 \, \text{m} \).
- Distance between diagonally opposite particles is \( \sqrt{2}d = 0.213 \, \text{m} \).
For both setups:
- Calculate gravitational potential energy for each pair and sum them up.
- Compare the total gravitational potential energy before and after the reduction in \( d \).
### Conclusion:
The change in gravitational potential energy of the four-particle system can be determined by analyzing the difference between the initial and](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F93b5911c-d2f5-4192-b391-38ae7b3af31d%2Fcd2c13c7-44d5-4027-994a-574854184f0b%2Flmiub2_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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