The figure shows a layer of granular soil in a tank with an upward seepage by applying water through the valve at the bottom of the tank. The loss of head caused by upward seepage between the levels of A and B is 0.70 m. and between levels A and C is 0.28 m. The void ratio of the soil is 0.52 and its specific gravity is 2.72. O Compute the effective stress at C. (2) Compute the effective stress at B. 3 Compute the upward seepage force per unit volume.

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Open Channel Flow

Open channel flow is a branch of fluid mechanics. It deals with the flow of fluid in an open conduit or free surface. In an open channel flow, gravity induces the flow of water whose surface is open to the air. This flow is free-falling rather than confined in rigid body conduits. The open channel flow depends upon two parameters that are the cross-section of the conduit and the velocity profile. Practical examples of open channel flow are streams, rivers, canals, and other drainage systems.In open channel flow, the cross-sectional area of at least one of the sides is exposed to air, and the surface of water faces atmospheric pressure. This flow is also known as free gravity flow. The cross-sectional area of the conduit can be either man-made or a natural channel. For instance, the flow in rivers and streams are natural conduits, and the flow in a canal and sanitary systems are man-made or engineered channels.