The e.m.f. at a thermocouple junction is 645 µV at the steam point, 3375 uV at the zinc point and 9149 uV at the silver point. Given that the e.m.f.-temperature relationship is of the form E(T) = a,T+aT + a,T' (T in °C), find a,, a, and as.
Analysis of Diode
It is a semiconductor device in electronics applications where only a one-way current is required. It is like a one-way switch that allows current to flow in one direction only. A diode has two terminals, a cathode, and an anode. The cathode is the negative terminal that carries electrons, while the anode is the positive terminal that carries holes. Although no element has holes, it just means that there is a free space for electrons. Diodes are used to convert AC to DC. As we know, AC shifts between positive and negative cycles and DC stays positive constantly. As the diodes allow current only in one direction, they filter out the AC signal’s negative cycle and only keep the positive one.
Working and Construction
In civil engineering, construction means the application of principles of science and mathematics for building bridges, dams, buildings, roads, highways, tunnels, airports, structures, etc. Different branches of science, like physics and chemistry, are extensively applied to design and analysis in construction. Material properties, the science of atmospheric conditions (like solutions, mixtures, etc.), the impact of environmental factors like, corrosion and acidity are some of the primary knowledge of chemistry which are used by civil engineers to carry out construction. Estimation of forces, application of laws of mechanics, fluids mechanics, soil mechanics, etc. are some of the fundamental concepts of physics, which are well applied in construction works. Building construction and structural engineering are two of the most primary areas in civil engineering that parallelly applies principles of both chemistry and physics to carry on construction works.
Property of Diode
An electronic component that facilitates the directional flow of current is known as a diode. According to the direction of the flow of current, the resistance of a diode changes from zero to Infinity.
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Problems
2.1
The e.m.f. at a thermocouple junction is 645 µV at the steam point, 3375 uV at the zinc point
and 9149 µV at the silver point. Given that the e.m.f.-temperature relationship is of the form
E(T) = a,T+ a,T + a,T' (T in °C), find a,, a, and a;.
2.2 The resistance R(0) of a thermistor at temperature 0K is given by R(0) = a exp(Bie). Given
that the resistance at the ice point (0 = 273.15 K) is 9.00 k2 and the resistance at the steam
point is 0.50 k2, find the resistance at 25 °C.
2.3 A displacement sensor has an input range of 0.0 to 3.0 cm and a standard supply voltage
V = 0.5 volts. Using the calibration results given in the table, estimate:
(а)
The maximum non-linearity as a percentage of f.s.d.
(b)
The constants K, Ky associated with supply voltage variations.
(c)
The slope K of the ideal straight line.
Displacement x cm
Output voltage millivolts (V, = 0.5)
Output voltage millivolts (V, = 0.6)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.0
16.5
32.0
44.0
51.5
55.5
58.0
0.0
21.0
41.5
56.0
65.0
70,5
74.0
A liquid level sensor has an input range of 0 to 15 cm. Use the calibration results given in the
table to estimate the maximum hysteresis as a percentage of f.s.d.
2.4
Level h cm
Output volts h increasing 0.00 0.35 1.42 2.40 3.43 4.35 5.61
Output volts h decreasing 0.14 1.25 2.32 3.55 4.43 5.70 6.78
0.0
1.5
3.0
4.5 6.0
7.5
9.0
10.5
12.0
13.5
15.0
6.50
7.77 8.85 10.2
7.80
8.87
9.65 10.2
2.5 A repeatability test on a vortex flowmeter yielded the following 35 values of frequency
corresponding to a constant flow rate of 1.4 x 10 m' s: 208.6; 208.3; 208.7; 208.5; 208.8;
207.6; 208.9; 209.1; 208.2; 208.4; 208.1; 209.2: 209.6; 208.6; 208.5; 207.4; 210.2; 209.2; 208.7;
208.4; 207.7; 208.9; 208.7; 208.0; 209.0; 208.1; 209,3; 208.2; 208.6; 209.4; 207.6; 208.1; 208,8;
209.2; 209.7 Hz.
Using equal intervals of width 0.5 Hz, plot a histogram of probability density values,
(a)
(b) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the data.
(c)
Sketch a normal probability density function with the mean and standard deviation
calculated in (b) on the histogram drawn in (a).
2.6
A platinum resistance sensor is used to interpolate between the triple point of water (0 °C),
the boiling point of water (100 °C) and the freezing point of zinc (419.6 °C). The corre-
sponding resistance values are 100.0 2, 138.5 2 and 253.7 2. The algebraic form of the inter-
polation equation is:
R, = R,(1 + aT+ BT)
R, 2 = resistance at T°C
R, 2 = resistance at 0 °C
a, B= constants.
where
Find the numerical form of the interpolation equation.
PROBLEMS 33
2.7
The following results were obtained when a pressure transducer was tested in a laboratory under
the following conditions:
Ambient temperature 20 °C, supply voltage 10 V (standard)
Ambient temperature 20 °C, supply voltage 12 V
Ambient temperature 25 °C, supply voltage 10 V
II
III
Input (barg)
Output (mA)
4
6
8.
10
I
4
7.2
10.4
13.6
16.8
20
II
4
8.4
12.8
17.2
21.6
28
III
6.
9.2
12.4
15.6
18.8
22
Determine the values of K, K, a and K associated with the generalised model equa-
tion O = (K + K,ylI + a + K,I,
(b)
(a)
Predict an output value when the input is 5 barg, V = 12 V and ambient temperature
is 25 °C.
Basic problems"
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