The condenser of a steam power plant operates at a pressure of 0.95 psia. The condenser consists of 144 horizontal tubes arranged in a 12 * 12 square array. Steam condenses on the outer surfaces of the tubes whose inner and outer diameters are 1 in and 1.2 in, respectively. If steam is to be condensed at a rate of 6800 lbm/h and the temperature rise of the cooling water is limited to 8°F, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water and (b) the average velocity of the cooling water through the tubes.

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Mechanisms of heat transfer

Heat transfer is an essential discipline in thermal engineering that deals with the transfer, conversion, usability, and creation of heat or thermal energy. Transfer of heat occurs through various mechanisms like conduction, convection, radiation, and change of phases. All these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, but these mechanisms can simultaneously occur in an identical system.