The compound bar carries axial loads as shown. Determine the maximum allowable value of P if the change in length of the entire bar is limited to 0.08 inch and the working stresses listed in the table are not to be exceeded. Bronze 4 ft Steel Aluminum 2 ft 3 ft 2P 3P 4P A (in.?) E (psi) a. (psi) 30 x 10 12 x 10 Steel 0.75 20000 Bronze 1.00 18000 Aluminum 0.50 10 x 10 12000

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Sizing Joists and Rafters

In civil engineering and building construction, joists and rafters are the major components including beams and columns. Almost every structural construction including buildings, skyscrapers, bridges, commercial complexes, and so on makes use of joists and rafters to provide structural integrity to the building. Joists are primarily thick long pieces of metals, concrete, or wood that are used to support the floor and ceiling. On the other hand, rafters form the major component of pitched roofs, which are a series of sloped long pieces extending from a ridged area that makes contact with the plane area of the wall. They account for the load-bearing of the building along with the beams.