The blue spheres represent Cl¯ ions, and the red spheres Na* ions. гepresent Cl Figure 42.11 (a) Crystalline structure of NaCI. (b) Each pos- a itive sodium ion is surrounded by six negative chlorine ions. (c) Each chlorine ion is sur- rounded by six sodium ions. Na+
Quantum mechanics and hydrogen atom
Consider an electron of mass m moves with the velocity v in a hydrogen atom. If an electron is at a distance r from the proton, then the potential energy function of the electron can be written as follows:
Isotopes of Hydrogen Atoms
To understand isotopes, it's easiest to learn the simplest system. Hydrogen, the most basic nucleus, has received a great deal of attention. Several of the results seen in more complex nuclei can be seen in hydrogen isotopes. An isotope is a nucleus of the same atomic number (Z) but a different atomic mass number (A). The number of neutrons present in the nucleus varies with respect to the isotope.
Mass of Hydrogen Atom
Hydrogen is one of the most fundamental elements on Earth which is colorless, odorless, and a flammable chemical substance. The representation of hydrogen in the periodic table is H. It is mostly found as a diatomic molecule as water H2O on earth. It is also known to be the lightest element and takes its place on Earth up to 0.14 %. There are three isotopes of hydrogen- protium, deuterium, and tritium. There is a huge abundance of Hydrogen molecules on the earth's surface. The hydrogen isotope tritium has its half-life equal to 12.32 years, through beta decay. In physics, the study of Hydrogen is fundamental.
Use a magnifying glass to look at the grains of table salt that come out of a salt shaker. Compare what you see with 42.11a. The distance between a sodium ion and a nearest- neighbor chlorine ion is 0.261 nm. (a) Make an order-ofmagnitude estimate of the number N of atoms in a typical grain of salt. (b) What If? Suppose you had a number of grains of salt equal to this number N. What would be the volume of this quantity of salt?
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