Tetrodotoxin is one of the most potent toxins known. It is composed of a set of interconnected six-membered rings, each in a chair conformation. All but one of these rings has atoms other than carbon in them. Tetrodotoxin is produced in the liver and ovaries of many species of Tetraodontidae, particularly the puffer fish, so called because it inflates itself to an almost spherical spiny ball when it is alarmed. This, however, does not put off everyone. Puffer fish is regarded as a delicacy called "fugu"in Japan. To serve the fish in a public restaurant, the chef must be registered as skilled in removing the toxic organs so as to make the flesh safe to eat. OH OH a =NH2 H HOH,C НО OH b. Tetrodotoxin A puffer fish with its body inflated. © Beth Swanson/Shutterstock.com
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
What are the relationships of the boxed atoms and the circled atoms?
1. The boxed atoms are trans and the circled atoms are cis.
2. The boxed atoms are cis and the circled atoms are trans.
3. Both sets of atoms are cis.
4. Both sets of atoms are trans.
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