Test the validity of each of the following arguments. Construct a formal proof of validity for the valid arguments using the principle of demonstration. Write arguments in vertical form. Also, verify the argument using the shortcut method. a. [(p → (q → r)) ∧ (q ∨ r) ∧ (∼ p)] ⇒ (∼ r) b. [(w → x) ∧ ((w → y) → (z ∨ x)) ∧ ((w ∧ x) → y) ∧ ∼ z] ⇒ x

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Inference in AI

The inference is finding a conclusion or result based on any data, events, and any information. Usually, there will be a set of conditions and the conclusion is made, which satisfies all the given conditions are true. The conclusion is made according to the inference rules. Any artificial intelligence agent or an intelligent system uses the inference engine to find a better result or output. The work of the inference engine is to analyze the fact and figures based on all circumstances. After the analysis, the machine concludes this fact and gives it to the agent. The agent uses this conclusion for further processing and decision-making. Intelligent systems will generate new logic from existing ones based on the facts.