TABLE 2-2 The U.S. Constitution's Provisions for Federalism Article L Section 8commend clause Article L Section necessary and proper clause Article IN. Section admission of Article N. Section 4 enforcement of republican form of government supremacy Amendment Fourteenth Amendment Levindment Amendment What It Says The Congress shall have To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and w Indians Tribes The Congress shall have Power To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union, but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion, and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive when the not ce convertisecd against domestic This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance Perect, and it Treates made, or which shall be made. under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in The Comtution or Lawn of any State 50 the Contrary notwithstanding The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by to the States reserved to the States respectively, of In the people All persons bo or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the sdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state where they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shal abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any state deprive any person of Meberty or proper wit due process of law nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the las The Congres the having power to lay and cofect taxes on noomen, Fiven whatever source derived, without apportionment among the Severs States and without regard to any census or enumeration The Senate of the United Station shall be composed of Tash Senator from Bach State, elected by the people thereof for so years, and each Senator shall have one vode ZenManxes happen in h representation of party State in the Souple, the enccutive authority of at the legislature of any State may empower the executive mered to make texporary at the people the vacancies by section as the leg, pad we may direct What It Means Gives Congress the right to regulate interstate commerce. This clause has been broadly interpreted to give Congress a number of implied powers An implied power giving Congress the right to pass all laws comidered "necessary and proper to carry out the federal government's responsibilities as defined by the Constitution Allows the US Congress to admit new states to the union and guarantees each state sovereignty and jurisdiction over its tentory Ensures that a democratic govemment exists in each state and protects states against foreign invasion or insurection States that federal law takes precedence other laws Guarantees that a broad but undefined, set of powers be reserved for the states and the people, as opposed to the federal government Prohibits any state from depriving indianduals of the nights and peges of citizenship, and requires states to provide due process and equal protection quarantees to a chizens Enables the federal govemment to try a national wcome tax, which has helped her national policies and programs Prodes for drect evection of US senators, rather than election by Table 2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Federal- ism Advantages Allows for flexibility among state laws Disadvantages Increases complexity and confusion. and institutions. Reduces conflict because states can accommodate citi- zens' interests. Allows for experi- mentation at the state level. Enables the achieve- ment of national goals. Sometimes increases conflict when juris- dictional lines are unclear. Duplicates efforts and reduces account- ability. Makes coordination difficult. Creates inequality in services and policies.