TABLE 16.1 Some Common Acid-Base Indicators Color In Base Indicator In Acid pH Range Thymol blue Bromophenol blue Red Yellow 1.2-2.8 Yellow Bluish purple 3.0-4.6 Methyl orange Огаnge Yellow 3.1-4.4 Methyl red Red Yellow 4.2-6.3 Chlorophenol blue Yellow Red 4.8-6.4 Bromothymol blue Cresol red Phenolphthalein Yellow Blue 6.0-7.6 Yellow Red 7.2-8.8 Colorless Reddish pink 8.3–10.0 *The pi range is defined as the nage over which the indicator changes from the acid color to the base color. 9. Referring to Table 16.1, specify which indicator or indicators you would use for the following titrations: a HCOOH versus NaOH b. HCI versus KOH C. HNO3 versus CH3NH2
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.
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