Table 1. Reservoirs in the Hydrologic Cycle. 15 Reservoirs Oceans Mass of Water in 10 kg Approximate % 97.4 1,350,000 Marine atmosphere Land atmosphere 11 0.0008 4.5 0.0003 Surface Water 275 0.02 Ground Water 8,200 0.59 Snow & Ice 27,500 1.98 Table 2. Estimated Flows of Water in the Global Water Cycle. Flows given in units of 105 kg/year. Process Evaporation from Oceans Evaporation from Land Precipitation on Oceans Transfer from Ocean to Land by Atmosphere Precipitation (rain) on Land Precipitation (snow) on Land Meltwater return to Surface Water 435 71 398 37 107 1 1 Surface Runoff to Oceans 35 Surface percolation into Groundwater Groundwater Flow into Oceans 2 2. Draw a sketch in the space below to illustrate a stock and flow model of the hydrologic cycle. Include each of the 6 reservoirs and 10 flows listed in Tables 1 and 2 above. 3. For each reservoir, calculate the residence time. If there is more than one flow out of a single reservoir, use the sum of the flows out of the reservoir.
Table 1. Reservoirs in the Hydrologic Cycle. 15 Reservoirs Oceans Mass of Water in 10 kg Approximate % 97.4 1,350,000 Marine atmosphere Land atmosphere 11 0.0008 4.5 0.0003 Surface Water 275 0.02 Ground Water 8,200 0.59 Snow & Ice 27,500 1.98 Table 2. Estimated Flows of Water in the Global Water Cycle. Flows given in units of 105 kg/year. Process Evaporation from Oceans Evaporation from Land Precipitation on Oceans Transfer from Ocean to Land by Atmosphere Precipitation (rain) on Land Precipitation (snow) on Land Meltwater return to Surface Water 435 71 398 37 107 1 1 Surface Runoff to Oceans 35 Surface percolation into Groundwater Groundwater Flow into Oceans 2 2. Draw a sketch in the space below to illustrate a stock and flow model of the hydrologic cycle. Include each of the 6 reservoirs and 10 flows listed in Tables 1 and 2 above. 3. For each reservoir, calculate the residence time. If there is more than one flow out of a single reservoir, use the sum of the flows out of the reservoir.
Chapter2: Loads On Structures
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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
Transcribed Image Text:Table 1. Reservoirs in the Hydrologic Cycle.
Reservoirs
Mass of Water in 10 kg
T5
Approximate %
97.4
Oceans
1,350,000
Marine atmosphere
Land atmosphere
Surface Water
11
0.0008
4.5
0.0003
275
0.02
Ground Water
8,200
27,500
0.59
Snow & Ice
1.98
Table 2. Estimated Flows of Water in the Global Water Cycle. Flows given in units of 10 kg/year.
Process
Evaporation from Oceans
Evaporation from Land
Precipitation on Oceans
Transfer from Ocean to Land by Atmosphere
Precipitation (rain) on Land
Precipitation (snow) on Land
Meltwater return to Surface Water
435
71
398
37
107
1
1
Surface Runoff to Oceans
35
Surface percolation into Groundwater
Groundwater Flow into Oceans
2. Draw a sketch in the space below to illustrate a stock and flow model of the hydrologic cycle.
Include each of the 6 reservoirs and 10 flows listed in Tables 1 and 2 above.
3. For each reservoir, calculate the residence time. If there is more than one flow out of a single
reservoir, use the sum of the flows out of the reservoir.

Transcribed Image Text:MAE217
PreLab 7: Residence Time and Response Time
Part I: Residence Time
Residence time is the average amount of time that a particle spends in a system reservoir. This
can be calculated by dividing the size of the reservoir by the rate of flow into/out of the system.
Note that for a steady state system, flow in = flow out.
inflow
Water Stored
in the Reservoir
outflow
1. If the water stored in the reservoir above is 10 million gallons, and the outflow is 1
million gallons/year, what is the residence time for a molecule of water?
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