Table 1. Reservoirs in the Hydrologic Cycle. 15 Reservoirs Oceans Mass of Water in 10 kg Approximate % 97.4 1,350,000 Marine atmosphere Land atmosphere 11 0.0008 4.5 0.0003 Surface Water 275 0.02 Ground Water 8,200 0.59 Snow & Ice 27,500 1.98 Table 2. Estimated Flows of Water in the Global Water Cycle. Flows given in units of 105 kg/year. Process Evaporation from Oceans Evaporation from Land Precipitation on Oceans Transfer from Ocean to Land by Atmosphere Precipitation (rain) on Land Precipitation (snow) on Land Meltwater return to Surface Water 435 71 398 37 107 1 1 Surface Runoff to Oceans 35 Surface percolation into Groundwater Groundwater Flow into Oceans 2 2. Draw a sketch in the space below to illustrate a stock and flow model of the hydrologic cycle. Include each of the 6 reservoirs and 10 flows listed in Tables 1 and 2 above. 3. For each reservoir, calculate the residence time. If there is more than one flow out of a single reservoir, use the sum of the flows out of the reservoir.
Table 1. Reservoirs in the Hydrologic Cycle. 15 Reservoirs Oceans Mass of Water in 10 kg Approximate % 97.4 1,350,000 Marine atmosphere Land atmosphere 11 0.0008 4.5 0.0003 Surface Water 275 0.02 Ground Water 8,200 0.59 Snow & Ice 27,500 1.98 Table 2. Estimated Flows of Water in the Global Water Cycle. Flows given in units of 105 kg/year. Process Evaporation from Oceans Evaporation from Land Precipitation on Oceans Transfer from Ocean to Land by Atmosphere Precipitation (rain) on Land Precipitation (snow) on Land Meltwater return to Surface Water 435 71 398 37 107 1 1 Surface Runoff to Oceans 35 Surface percolation into Groundwater Groundwater Flow into Oceans 2 2. Draw a sketch in the space below to illustrate a stock and flow model of the hydrologic cycle. Include each of the 6 reservoirs and 10 flows listed in Tables 1 and 2 above. 3. For each reservoir, calculate the residence time. If there is more than one flow out of a single reservoir, use the sum of the flows out of the reservoir.
Chapter2: Loads On Structures
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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