Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Consider the reaction. Draw the FULL electron pushing mechanism for the reaction including ALL intermediates (with lone pairs and formal charges), explicitly depicting any hydride shifts, and draw ALL electron pushing arrows.
Transcribed Image Text:### Chemical Reaction: Alcohol to Alkyl Chloride
The image illustrates a chemical reaction involving the conversion of an alcohol to an alkyl chloride. This reaction is commonly achieved by the substitution of the hydroxyl group (-OH) with a chlorine atom (Cl).
#### Reaction Details:
- **Starting Material (Reactant):**
- Structure: A branched alcohol (an organic compound with a hydroxyl group).
- Notation: The compound contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom within the main carbon chain.
- **Reagent:**
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl), which provides the Cl^- ion needed for the substitution.
- **Product:**
- Structure: The resulting compound is an alkyl chloride where the hydroxyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom (-Cl).
- Notation: The structure shows a chlorine atom attached to the carbon chain in place of the hydroxyl group.
#### Mechanism:
1. The hydroxyl group (-OH) is protonated by HCl, forming water (H2O) as a leaving group.
2. The chloride ion (Cl^-) from HCl attacks the carbon atom, replacing the water molecule.
3. The final product is an alkyl chloride with the chlorine atom bonded to the carbon chain.
This transformation is a classic example of an inorganic reaction using a hydrohalic acid to transform alcohols into useful organohalogen compounds.
(Note: The hexagonal background indicates the grid paper often used for drawing chemical structures and conducting organic chemistry practice exercises.)
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