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T 24-4. Describe the differences between "real" deviations from Beer's law and those due to instrumental or chemical factors. 24.14

T 24-4. Describe the differences between "real" deviations from Beer's law and those due to instrumental or chemical factors. 24.14

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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M Wed 7 Sep Û S T 24-4. Describe the differences between "real" deviations from Beer's law and those due to instrumental or chemical factors. 24-5. How does an electronic transition resemble a vibra- tional transition? How do they differ? 24-6. Calculate the frequency in hertz of *(a) an X-ray beam with a wavelength of 2.65 Å. (b) an emission line for copper at 211.0 nm. *(c) the line at 694.3 nm produced by a ruby laser. (d) the output of a CO₂ laser at 10.6 μm. *(e) an infrared absorption peak at 19.6 µm. (f) a microwave beam at 1.86 cm. 24-7. Calculate the wavelength in centimeters of *(a) an airport tower transmitting at 118.6 MHz. (b) a VOR (radio navigation aid) transmitting at 114.10 kHz. 24-8. A sophisticated ultraviolet/visible/near-IR instru- ment has a wavelength range of 185 to 3000 nm. What are its wavenumber and frequency ranges? *24-9. A typical simple infrared spectrophotometer covers a wavelength range from 3 to 15 μm. Express its (a) in wavenumbers and (b) in hertz. range in 24-10. Calculate the frequency in hertz and the energy joules of an X-ray photon with a wavelength of 2.70 Å. *24-11. Calculate the wavelength and the energy in joules associated with a signal at 220 MHz. *(a) (b) *(c) *(e) (f) (h) *(c) an NMR signal at 105 MHz. (d) an infrared absorption peak with a wavenumber of 1210 cm-¹. *(i) (j) A 0.172 0.520 0.798 0.179 %T 44.9 39.6 83.6 11.1 5.23 E L mol-¹ cm - 4.23 X 10³ 7.95 X 10³ 3.73 × 10³ 1.35 × 104 9.78 × 10³ (b) micrograms per liter? *(c) mass-volume percent? (d) grams per liter? 24-14. Express the following absorbances in terms of transmittance *(a) 0.0356 (b) 0.895 *(c) 0.379 (d) 0.167 *(e) 0.485 (f) 0.753 *(a) 27.2% (b) 0.579 *(c) 30.6% (d) 3.98% *(e) 0.093 (f) 63.7% 24-15. Convert the accompanying transmittance data to absorbances. -1 -1 cm-¹ ppm-¹ 0.0258 24-16. Calculate the percent transmittance of solutions that have twice the absorbance of the solutions in Problem 24-14. 24-17. Calculate the absorbances of solutions with half the transmittance of those in Problem 24-15. 24-18. Evaluate the missing quantities in the accompanying table. Where needed, use 200 for the molar mass of the analyte. 0.0912 b cm 1.00 1:46:19 오 1.00 0.100 1.00 1.50 v 1.00 M 1.35 x 10-4 1.71 X 10-³ 8.07 X 10-6 7.07 X 10-5 percent 7.19 X 10-5 C ppm 1.76 33.6 5.24 + Unless otherwise noted, all content on this page is Ⓒ Cengage Learning Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. C
Transcribed Image Text:M Wed 7 Sep Û S T 24-4. Describe the differences between "real" deviations from Beer's law and those due to instrumental or chemical factors. 24-5. How does an electronic transition resemble a vibra- tional transition? How do they differ? 24-6. Calculate the frequency in hertz of *(a) an X-ray beam with a wavelength of 2.65 Å. (b) an emission line for copper at 211.0 nm. *(c) the line at 694.3 nm produced by a ruby laser. (d) the output of a CO₂ laser at 10.6 μm. *(e) an infrared absorption peak at 19.6 µm. (f) a microwave beam at 1.86 cm. 24-7. Calculate the wavelength in centimeters of *(a) an airport tower transmitting at 118.6 MHz. (b) a VOR (radio navigation aid) transmitting at 114.10 kHz. 24-8. A sophisticated ultraviolet/visible/near-IR instru- ment has a wavelength range of 185 to 3000 nm. What are its wavenumber and frequency ranges? *24-9. A typical simple infrared spectrophotometer covers a wavelength range from 3 to 15 μm. Express its (a) in wavenumbers and (b) in hertz. range in 24-10. Calculate the frequency in hertz and the energy joules of an X-ray photon with a wavelength of 2.70 Å. *24-11. Calculate the wavelength and the energy in joules associated with a signal at 220 MHz. *(a) (b) *(c) *(e) (f) (h) *(c) an NMR signal at 105 MHz. (d) an infrared absorption peak with a wavenumber of 1210 cm-¹. *(i) (j) A 0.172 0.520 0.798 0.179 %T 44.9 39.6 83.6 11.1 5.23 E L mol-¹ cm - 4.23 X 10³ 7.95 X 10³ 3.73 × 10³ 1.35 × 104 9.78 × 10³ (b) micrograms per liter? *(c) mass-volume percent? (d) grams per liter? 24-14. Express the following absorbances in terms of transmittance *(a) 0.0356 (b) 0.895 *(c) 0.379 (d) 0.167 *(e) 0.485 (f) 0.753 *(a) 27.2% (b) 0.579 *(c) 30.6% (d) 3.98% *(e) 0.093 (f) 63.7% 24-15. Convert the accompanying transmittance data to absorbances. -1 -1 cm-¹ ppm-¹ 0.0258 24-16. Calculate the percent transmittance of solutions that have twice the absorbance of the solutions in Problem 24-14. 24-17. Calculate the absorbances of solutions with half the transmittance of those in Problem 24-15. 24-18. Evaluate the missing quantities in the accompanying table. Where needed, use 200 for the molar mass of the analyte. 0.0912 b cm 1.00 1:46:19 오 1.00 0.100 1.00 1.50 v 1.00 M 1.35 x 10-4 1.71 X 10-³ 8.07 X 10-6 7.07 X 10-5 percent 7.19 X 10-5 C ppm 1.76 33.6 5.24 + Unless otherwise noted, all content on this page is Ⓒ Cengage Learning Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. C
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