Suzy likes to drive with a silly sun ball on her car antenna. The frontal area of the ball is A = 2.08 × 10−3 m2. As gas prices rise, her husband is concerned that she is wasting fuel because of the additional drag on the ball. He runs a quick test in the wind tunnel at his university and measures the drag coefficient to be CD = 0.87 at nearly all air speeds. Estimate how many liters of fuel she wastes per year by having this ball on her antenna. Use the following additional information: She drives about 15,000 km per year at an average speed of 20.8 m/s. The overall car efficiency is 0.312,     ?fuel = 0.802 kg/L, and the heating value of the fuel is 44,020 kJ/kg. Use standard air properties. Is the amount of wasted fuel significant?

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Fluid Dynamics

The study of the flow of gases and liquids, usually in and around solid surfaces, is known as fluid dynamics in physics and engineering. Fluid dynamics, for example, can be used to evaluate the movement of air through an airplane wing or the surface of a vehicle. It can also be used in ship design to increase the speed at which ships pass through water.