Suppose two doctors, A and B, test all patients coming into a clinic for syphilis. Let events A+ = {doctor A makes a positive diagnosis} and B+ = {doctor B makes a positive diagnosis}. Doctor A diagnoses 25% of all patients as positive, doctor B diagnoses 40% of all patients as positive, and both doctors diagnose 10% of all patients as positive. 2.1 Are the diagnoses of the two doctors independent? 2.2 Suppose a patient is referred for further lab tests if either doctor A or B makes a positive diagnosis. What is the probability that a patient will be referred for further lab tests? 2.3 For a single patient, what is the probability of getting only one positive diagnosis from the two doctors?
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
Suppose two doctors, A and B, test all patients coming into a clinic for syphilis.
Let
a positive diagnosis}. Doctor A diagnoses 25% of all patients as positive, doctor B
diagnoses 40% of all patients as positive, and both doctors diagnose 10% of all
patients as positive.
2.1 Are the diagnoses of the two doctors independent?
2.2 Suppose a patient is referred for further lab tests if either doctor A or B
makes a positive diagnosis. What is the
for further lab tests?
2.3 For a single patient, what is the probability of getting only one positive
diagnosis from the two doctors?
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Suppose there is another doctor, C, who diagnoses 30% of all patients as positive.
C's diagnosis is independent of A's and B's.
2.4 Let X be the number of positive diagnoses a patient gets. Find the probability
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