Suppose the voltage waveform shown in Figure Q4a was observed at the sending end of a 50 Q transmission line in response to a step voltage introduced by a generator with V, =15 V and an unknown series (а) resistance, R . If the line is 1 km in length, velocity of propagation for the signals on the line is 1x10 m/s, and it is terminated in a load, Z, =100 N: %3D (i) Determine R, (ii) Explain why the drop in level of V (0,t) at t= 6us could only have been caused by a fault on the line and cannot be due to reflection from the load. (iii) Determine the location of the fault responsible for the observed waveform and the impedance R, at this location. V(0, t) 5 V- 3 V 6 μs

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Photoelectric

The photoelectric effect occurs when light (or similar incident radiation, including X-rays) falls on material together with a metal plate and causes it to emit electrons. The discovery of the photoelectric effect led to important new theories (and to a Nobel Prize for Albert Einstein). Photoelectric cells, or photocells, are utilized in burglar-alarm light detectors and garage-door openers (each employs a through-beam of light this is broken when something movements throughout it), and also to play soundtracks on film movies (in which a light beam shines through the soundtrack encoded at the film and is "read" with the aid of the photocells).