Suppose the frequency of true casual claims in medicine is 1/10-one tenth of the claims to the effect that this pathogen causes this disease, that poison has an effect on development, or this new medicine is effective in relieving those symptoms are true. Suppose we accept a causal claim if and only if we infer that there is a probabilistic dependence between the relevant cause and effect variables, and we test for probabilistic dependence using classical hypothesis testing with a null hypothesis that there is no probabilistic dependence, with a significance level of .05 and a power of .25. Assume we test each causal hypothesis just once. Sunnose we test a particular hypothesis 5 times, and see a significant result in 2 of these

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