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Suppose that researchers wanted to examine the combined effects of an introduced predator (a trout) and the trematode parasite Ribeiroia on amphibian populations. To do this, they established frog populations in each of 40 artificial ponds. Each pond was assigned at random to one of four treatments (10 ponds per treatment): 1) neither trout or parasites were a to the pond (the "No trout, no parasite" treatment); 2) no trout were added but parasites were added ("No trout, parasite added"); 3) trout were added but parasites were not added (" added, no parasite"); and 4) both trout and parasites were added ("Trout added, parasite added"). Each pond contained refugia where tadpoles could avoid attack by trout, to avoid fish predators driving frog populations to extinction in an artificial pond, unlike what typically occurs in a natural pond. After two breeding seasons, the researchers estimated the density frogs in each pond. The results are shown in the table and the figure. Treatment No trout, no parasite Trout added, no parasite No trout, parasite added 111.4 Trout added, parasite added Average frog density (per 10 m² of pond surface area) 200 180.2 125.8 14.3

Suppose that researchers wanted to examine the combined effects of an introduced predator (a trout) and the trematode parasite Ribeiroia on amphibian populations. To do this, they established frog populations in each of 40 artificial ponds. Each pond was assigned at random to one of four treatments (10 ponds per treatment): 1) neither trout or parasites were a to the pond (the "No trout, no parasite" treatment); 2) no trout were added but parasites were added ("No trout, parasite added"); 3) trout were added but parasites were not added (" added, no parasite"); and 4) both trout and parasites were added ("Trout added, parasite added"). Each pond contained refugia where tadpoles could avoid attack by trout, to avoid fish predators driving frog populations to extinction in an artificial pond, unlike what typically occurs in a natural pond. After two breeding seasons, the researchers estimated the density frogs in each pond. The results are shown in the table and the figure. Treatment No trout, no parasite Trout added, no parasite No trout, parasite added 111.4 Trout added, parasite added Average frog density (per 10 m² of pond surface area) 200 180.2 125.8 14.3

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Suppose that researchers wanted to examine the combined effects of an introduced predator (a trout) and the trematode parasite Ribeiroia on amphibian populations. To do this, they established frog populations in each of 40 artificial ponds. Each pond was assigned at random to one of four treatments (10 ponds per treatment): 1) neither trout or parasites were added to the pond (the "No trout, no parasite" treatment); 2) no trout were added but parasites were added ("No trout, parasite added"); 3) trout were added but parasites were not added ("Trout added, no parasite"); and 4) both trout and parasites were added ("Trout added, parasite added"). Each pond contained refugia where tadpoles could avoid attack by trout, to avoid fish predators driving frog populations to extinction in an artificial pond, unlike what typically occurs in a natural pond. After two breeding seasons, the researchers estimated the density of frogs in each pond. The results are shown in the table and the figure. Treatment No trout, no parasite No trout, parasite added Trout added, no parasite Trout added, parasite added Average frog density (per 10 m² of pond surface area) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Average frog density (per 10 m² of pond surface area) 180.2 111.4 125.8 14.3 No trout, Trout added, No trout, Trout added, no parasite parasite added no parasite parasite added Treatment Use the information above to answer this question and the following questions.
Transcribed Image Text:Suppose that researchers wanted to examine the combined effects of an introduced predator (a trout) and the trematode parasite Ribeiroia on amphibian populations. To do this, they established frog populations in each of 40 artificial ponds. Each pond was assigned at random to one of four treatments (10 ponds per treatment): 1) neither trout or parasites were added to the pond (the "No trout, no parasite" treatment); 2) no trout were added but parasites were added ("No trout, parasite added"); 3) trout were added but parasites were not added ("Trout added, no parasite"); and 4) both trout and parasites were added ("Trout added, parasite added"). Each pond contained refugia where tadpoles could avoid attack by trout, to avoid fish predators driving frog populations to extinction in an artificial pond, unlike what typically occurs in a natural pond. After two breeding seasons, the researchers estimated the density of frogs in each pond. The results are shown in the table and the figure. Treatment No trout, no parasite No trout, parasite added Trout added, no parasite Trout added, parasite added Average frog density (per 10 m² of pond surface area) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Average frog density (per 10 m² of pond surface area) 180.2 111.4 125.8 14.3 No trout, Trout added, No trout, Trout added, no parasite parasite added no parasite parasite added Treatment Use the information above to answer this question and the following questions.
Estimate the combined effects of parasites and trout on frog densities. 180.2 - 111.4 = 68.8 frog per 10 meter² of pond surface area 180.2 - 125.8 = 54.4 frog per 10 meter² of pond surface area 180.2 - 14.3=165.9 frog per 10 meter² of pond surface area (180.2 + 125.8)/2-(111.4 +14.3)/2 = 27.3 frog per 10 meter² of pond surface area
Transcribed Image Text:Estimate the combined effects of parasites and trout on frog densities. 180.2 - 111.4 = 68.8 frog per 10 meter² of pond surface area 180.2 - 125.8 = 54.4 frog per 10 meter² of pond surface area 180.2 - 14.3=165.9 frog per 10 meter² of pond surface area (180.2 + 125.8)/2-(111.4 +14.3)/2 = 27.3 frog per 10 meter² of pond surface area
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