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Summarize the two hypotheses that explain the evolutionof amphibians from lobe-finned fishes.

BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305967359

Author:STARR

Publisher:STARR

Chapter24: Animals Ii: The Chordates

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5SA: A divergence from ________ gave rise to tetrapods. a. ray-finned fishes c. cartilaginous fishes b....

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Describe any four lines of evidence for evolution of early tetropods from fish.
In 1928 Walter Garstang hypothesized that tunicates resemble the ancestral stock of the vertebrates. Explain this hypothesis and evaluate its validity with recent phylogenetic, fossil, and developmental data.
Amphioxus long has been of interest to zoologists searching for a vertebrate ancestor. Explain why amphioxus captured such interest and how it is different from the hypothesized most recent common ancestor of all vertebrates.
(5) Fishes and aquatic amphibians possess a lateral line system, while aquatic mammals and reptiles do not. In terrestrial amphibians, larvae have lateral line systems that disappear when the larvae metamorphose into adults. Please record on the phylogeny below where you believe the lateral line system evolved and/or was lost.
The earliest-diverging gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) were fish. Which one of the following statements about the characteristics of different groups of modern jawed fish is INCORRECT? a. Ray-finned fish possess a bony skeleton and an operculum covers the gills. b. Cartilaginous fish are denser than water and maintain buoyancy using fins and a large oil-filled liver. c. Lobe-finned fish such as dipnoi possess both gills and lungs. d. Ray-finned fish possess fins supported by skeletal extensions of the pectoral and pelvic areas and moved by muscles. e. Cartilaginous fish possess flexible cartilage skeletons, which is a derived character.
Describe how paedomorphosis as a mechanism could explain the evolution of the chordate body plan (from echinoderm larval form to a craniate form).
Make a cladogram that includes the following groups of fishes: chon-drosteans, elasmobranchs, hagfishes, holocephalans, lampreys, lung-fishes, teleosts. Add the following synapomorphies to the diagram: claspers, cranium, endochondral bone, fins with stout bones, jaws, keratinized teeth.
Based on the anatomical evidence from the photos below, create a claim about which modern organism is most closely related, evolutionarily, to the Megalodon. Provide reasoning to validate the evidence you chose to develop your claim.
(6a) Please draw a phylogeny that shows relationships between the following groups: Haikouicthys Ostracoderms Chimaeras Hagfishes Lancelets Lampreys Placoderms Tunicates Sharks Bony Fishes (6b) Onto this phylogeny, please place the following traits. You may have a trait evolve more than once or be lost in some groups after evolving, but the final trait placements should correctly reflect which groups are known to have the trait in question Jaws Buccopharyngeal pumping Internal fertilization Mineralized tissue Pelvic claspers in males Hyostylic jaw articulation Lateral line system Cartilaginous endoskeleton Hox Gene Duplication Two nostrils (6c) For three of these traits, please explain how you arrived at this placement.
In the phylogeny to the right, draw a box around the clade Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes). Label it “A”. b. Draw a box around the sister group to Echinodermata. Label it “B”. c. Circle the node that corresponds to the most recent common ancestor of Actinopterygii and Chodrichthyes. Label it “C.”
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