Smoking cigarettes when pregnant will cause birth defects and in some cases Miscarriage. Controlled group with 40 pregnant healthy women who do not and will not smoke cigarettes, as well as, an additional 40 pregnant healthy women who do smoke cigarettes. 1. What is the dependent variable (i.e., how measured)? 2. What is the independent variable and how is the sequence and proportion presented? 3. How are the subjects assigned to conditions?

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Estimation

A new framework of data analysis where the new statistical methods are used for interpreting the results and analyzing the data is known as estimation in statistics.