**Title: Understanding the Study of Sleep Apnea and Gum Disease****Overview:**Sleep apnea is a condition characterized by pauses in breathing or shallow breaths during sleep. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 360 adults with sleep apnea, revealing that 216 of them had gum disease. In general, about 17.5% of the population has gum disease.**Research Details:****Part (a): Study Design**- **Question:** What does it mean for this study to be cross-sectional?- **Options:** - A. The data were obtained over time, and the study was observational. - B. The data were obtained over time, and the study was experimental. - C. The data were obtained at a specific point, and the study was experimental. - D. The data were obtained at a specific point, and the study was observational.**Part (b): Variable of Interest**- **Question:** What is the variable of interest in this study? Is it qualitative or quantitative?- **Options:** - A. Proportion of gum disease in those with sleep apnea. - B. Whether a person has gum disease. - C. Whether a person has sleep apnea. - D. Whether a person with sleep apnea has gum disease.- **Determine Qualitative or Quantitative:** - A. Qualitative—classifies individuals. - B. Quantitative—numerically measured. - C. Qualitative—numerically measured. - D. Quantitative—classifies individuals.**Part (c): Estimation**- **Question:** Estimate the proportion of individuals with sleep apnea who also have gum disease with 99% confidence.- **Options:** - A. 99% confidence that the true population proportion is between [ ] and [ ]. - B. 99% of the population lies in the interval between [ ] and [ ]. - C. 99% confidence that the population proportion is between [ ] and [ ].**Conclusion:**The study evaluates the association between sleep apnea and gum disease, utilizing a cross-sectional design to observe data at a single point in time. The focus is on determining whether the presence of gum disease in individuals with sleep apnea is a significant trend, using statistical methods and confidence intervals to interpret the results. ### Educational Resource on Statistical Tables#### Standard Normal Distribution TableThe standard normal distribution tables shown in the images display the cumulative probabilities for the standard normal distribution (Z-distribution). The Z-scores range from negative values to positive values, indicating deviations below and above the mean of a normal distribution, which is standardized to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.##### Explanation of Table Components:- **Z-Score:** The left column and top row give Z-scores, which represent the number of standard deviations away from the mean.- **Probability Values:** Intersection points within the table provide cumulative probability values. These values show the probability that a standard normal random variable is less than or equal to the stated Z-score.Each page contains a graphical representation of a standard normal distribution curve, highlighting the area of interest based on the Z-scores.#### t-Distribution TableThe t-distribution table presented here offers the critical values of the t-distribution given different degrees of freedom and confidence levels.##### Explanation of Table Components:- **Degrees of Freedom (df):** Represented in the first column, indicating the number of independent values that can vary in an analysis without breaking any constraints.- **Area in Right Tail:** Indicates the probability that the t-statistic will exceed the table value, covering common alpha levels (e.g., 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, etc.) and extending to more precise levels (e.g., 0.005, 0.001).This table is crucial for hypothesis testing and constructing confidence intervals particularly in scenarios with small sample sizes or when the population standard deviation is unknown.These tables are fundamental tools for students and practitioners in statistics for performing data analysis and hypothesis testing effectively.

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Sleep apnea is a disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep. In a cross-sectional study of 360 adults who suffer from sleep apnea, it was found that 216 had gum disease. Note: In the general population, about 17.5% of individuals have gum disease. Complete parts (a) through (c) below. Click here to view the standard normal distribution table (page 1). Click here to view the standard normal distribution table (page 2). Click here to view the table of critical t-values. ..... (a) What does it mean for this study to be cross-sectional? O A. The data were obtained over the course of time and the study was an observational study. O B. The data were obtained over the course of time and the study was an experiment. OC. The data were obtained at a specific point in time and the study was an experiment. O D. The data were obtained at a specific point in time and the study was an observational study. (b) What is the variable of interest in this study? Is it qualitative or quantitative? Explain. Identify the variable of interest. Choose the correct answer below. O A. The proportion of gum disease present in those with sleep apnea. O B. Whether a person has gum disease or not. O C. Whether a person has sleep apnea or not. O D. Whether a person with sleep apnea has gum disease or not. Determine whether the variable in question is qualitative or quantitative. Choose the correct answer below. O A. Qualitative-the variable classifies the individuals in the study. O B. Quantitative-the variable can be numerically measured. OC. Qualitative-the variable can be numerically measured. O D. Quantitative-the variable classifies the individuals in the study. (c) Estimate the proportion of individuals who suffer from sleep apnea who have gum disease with 99% confidence. Interpret your result. Select the correct choice below and fill in the answer boxes to complete your choice. (Use ascending order. Round to three decimal places as needed.) O A. There is a 99% chance that the true population proportion of individuals who suffer from sleep apnea who have gum disease is between and O B. 99% of the population lies in the interval between and O C. There is 99% confidence that the population proportion of individuals who suffer from sleep apnea who have gum disease is between and