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Sketch and label the various parts of transition state diagrams for a reaction with and without a catalyst. Compare AG and A G+ for each case.

Sketch and label the various parts of transition state diagrams for a reaction with and without a catalyst. Compare AG and A G+ for each case.

Biochemistry
Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN:9781319114671
Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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**Transition State Diagrams for Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Reactions** **Objective:** Sketch and label various parts of transition state diagrams for a reaction with and without a catalyst. Compare ΔG and ΔG⁺ for each case. **Introduction:** Transition state diagrams are graphical representations of the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. These diagrams illustrate the activation energy (ΔG⁺), free energy change (ΔG), and the effect of catalysts on these energies. **Components to Include in the Diagrams:** 1. **Axes:** - **Y-Axis:** Potential energy. - **X-Axis:** Reaction coordinate (progress of the reaction). 2. **Uncatalyzed Reaction:** - Draw a curve starting from the reactants' energy level, peaking at the transition state, and descending to the products' energy level. - Highlight and label the activation energy (ΔG⁺) as the energy difference between the reactants and the transition state. - Indicate the free energy change (ΔG) as the energy difference between the reactants and the products. 3. **Catalyzed Reaction:** - Draw a second, lower curve on the same axes to represent the reaction with a catalyst. - Again, highlight and label the new, lower activation energy (ΔG⁺) for the catalyzed reaction. - Note that ΔG remains unchanged from the uncatalyzed reaction since the catalyst does not alter the overall free energy change of the reaction. **Comparison of ΔG and ΔG⁺:** - In both diagrams, the overall free energy change (ΔG) between the reactants and products is the same, indicating the spontaneity of the reaction. - The activation energy (ΔG⁺) is lower in the catalyzed reaction, demonstrating the catalyst’s role in increasing the reaction rate by providing an alternative pathway with a lower energy requirement. **Conclusion:** Using transition state diagrams, we can visually compare the energy profiles of catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions. Understanding these diagrams aids in comprehending how catalysts function to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. **Graphs and Diagrams:** - Ensure each diagram is properly labeled with distinct curves for catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions. - Clearly differentiate energy levels of reactants, transition states, and products for clarity.
Transcribed Image Text:**Transition State Diagrams for Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Reactions** **Objective:** Sketch and label various parts of transition state diagrams for a reaction with and without a catalyst. Compare ΔG and ΔG⁺ for each case. **Introduction:** Transition state diagrams are graphical representations of the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. These diagrams illustrate the activation energy (ΔG⁺), free energy change (ΔG), and the effect of catalysts on these energies. **Components to Include in the Diagrams:** 1. **Axes:** - **Y-Axis:** Potential energy. - **X-Axis:** Reaction coordinate (progress of the reaction). 2. **Uncatalyzed Reaction:** - Draw a curve starting from the reactants' energy level, peaking at the transition state, and descending to the products' energy level. - Highlight and label the activation energy (ΔG⁺) as the energy difference between the reactants and the transition state. - Indicate the free energy change (ΔG) as the energy difference between the reactants and the products. 3. **Catalyzed Reaction:** - Draw a second, lower curve on the same axes to represent the reaction with a catalyst. - Again, highlight and label the new, lower activation energy (ΔG⁺) for the catalyzed reaction. - Note that ΔG remains unchanged from the uncatalyzed reaction since the catalyst does not alter the overall free energy change of the reaction. **Comparison of ΔG and ΔG⁺:** - In both diagrams, the overall free energy change (ΔG) between the reactants and products is the same, indicating the spontaneity of the reaction. - The activation energy (ΔG⁺) is lower in the catalyzed reaction, demonstrating the catalyst’s role in increasing the reaction rate by providing an alternative pathway with a lower energy requirement. **Conclusion:** Using transition state diagrams, we can visually compare the energy profiles of catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions. Understanding these diagrams aids in comprehending how catalysts function to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. **Graphs and Diagrams:** - Ensure each diagram is properly labeled with distinct curves for catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions. - Clearly differentiate energy levels of reactants, transition states, and products for clarity.
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