Situation 5 (13-15) A 4-m thick sand layer has a void ratio of 0.61 and Gs = 2.65. Underneath the sand layer is a 5-m thick clay layer with a void ratio of 0.48 and Gs = 2.67. The water table is on the interface or between the two layers. Determine the following: 13. Effective stress at the bottom of sand layer. Ans: 64.60 kPa 14. Effective stress at the bottom of clay layer. Ans: 119.95 kPa 15. Depth of water table from the ground so that the effective stress at the bottom of the clay layer is 104 kPa Ans: 1.39 m

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Principles of Seepage

In hydrology, when water flows down in a pore or crack of unsaturated soil due to gravity, the deep layer of soil is called seepage. It is the slow movement of water in the soil layer. Seepage is mainly found near hydraulic structures and is responsible for the stability of earthen-type hydraulic structures.