Show that P^NP ⊆ ΣP2 .Once you’ve proved the first fact, these two are easier to show, but you don’t have to show them for this exercise.) Hint: You need to simulate an oracle machine with an ∃ quantifier and a ∀ quantifier. Use the ∃ quantifier to guess oracle answers and both quantifiers to check the truthfulness of the answer.

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Temporal difference learning

Temporal difference learning (TD learning) is a concept in machine learning that attributes to a class of model-free reinforcement learning methods. The technique predicts a reward or quantity depending on the future values of the value function.