Show that for all € Є R, (x, y) = (x, x, y + € exp p{√ F(x)da}) is a symmetry of the first-order ordinary differential equation dy dx = F(x)y+G(x). Explain the connection between these symmetries and the principle of linear superposition.
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- Let x=x(t) be a twice-differentiable function and consider the second order differential equation x+ax+bx=0(11) Show that the change of variables y = x' and z = x allows Equation (11) to be written as a system of two linear differential equations in y and z. Show that the characteristic equation of the system in part (a) is 2+a+b=0.Show that linear differential operators with constant coefficients obey the commutative law. That is, show that (D−a)(D−b)f=(D−b)(D−a)fD−aD−bf=D−bD−af for any twice-differentiable function f and any constants a and b. The result extends at once to any finite number of factors.1. Consider the (scalar) ODE x'(t) = ax(t) with initial data (0) = o. Show that r(t) solves the preceding equation. Let B be an n x n matriz, with real or complex entries, and I the n x n identity matriz. The matrix exponential is the n x n matrix given by the (convergent) sum B² B3 eBI+B+ + +...= 2 6 Similarly, we can define an n x n matrix which is a function of t by B² 2 etBI+tB + t² B3 6 Bk Σk! k=0 +3 += 8 tk Bk k! Toeat Σ k=0
- Find f(x), the Fourier series expansion of 0 * € [-L, 0), = {kº * € [0, 1], where & and I are positive constants. kL kL +) 2 22 ²72 ((-1)^²+1 -1) cos(") kl fr(a) = k + (k (-1)^ cos (¹7) + 4 kL kL = - Σ( ²2 ((-1)² - 1) cos(- (**) + 123T R=1 kL NTT fr(2) = k + +Ë ( 22((-1)-1) cos( 4 22² 72 R=1 kL = 1 kL 2 + 2 (2) (²72((−1)² + 1) cos (²) + R=1 None of the options displayed. kL kL MTX fr(x) = (-1)+¹ sin( 2 727T fr(x) = - ((-1) ² - 1) sin (7²) :-) 127T R=1 kL fr(*) = = - (-1)²+¹ cos (7²) 12²772 L R=1 + R=1 00 iM8 ((-1)+1-1) sin() nπ (-1)+1 sin(- kL 727T20 + (-1)+¹ sin(- 727T L kL (-1) sin(7²)) 123TLet y : R → R be the real-valued function defined on the real line, which is the solution of the initialvalue problemy' = −xy + x, y(0) = 2.Which statements are correct?a) The problem is not uniquely solvable.b) The solution y(x) contains an exponential function.c) limx→∞ y(x) = 1d) limx→∞ y(x) = 01. a) The functions f(x) = e=×, g(x) = cosh x, and h(x) = sinh x are solutions of the differ- ential equation y" = y'. Use Wronskian to check if the functions f, g, and h are linearly dependent or linearly independent on the real line. b) If the functions are linearly dependent, find a non-trivial linear combination of f(x), g(x), and h(x) that vanishes identically.