Show that for all € Є R, (x, y) = (x, x, y + € exp p{√ F(x)da}) is a symmetry of the first-order ordinary differential equation dy dx = F(x)y+G(x). Explain the connection between these symmetries and the principle of linear superposition.
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![Show that for all € Є R,
(x, y)
=
(x,
x, y + € exp
p{√ F(x)da})
is a symmetry of the first-order ordinary differential equation
dy
dx
=
F(x)y+G(x).
Explain the connection between these symmetries and the principle of linear superposition.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F62d7bd71-12a8-4d88-8c42-1257ba6dd969%2F0ee4961d-5dbc-4ea6-9250-c16d056d06ad%2F82cbbvt_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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- Let x=x(t) be a twice-differentiable function and consider the second order differential equation x+ax+bx=0(11) Show that the change of variables y = x' and z = x allows Equation (11) to be written as a system of two linear differential equations in y and z. Show that the characteristic equation of the system in part (a) is 2+a+b=0.1. Consider the (scalar) ODE x'(t) = ax(t) with initial data (0) = o. Show that r(t) solves the preceding equation. Let B be an n x n matriz, with real or complex entries, and I the n x n identity matriz. The matrix exponential is the n x n matrix given by the (convergent) sum B² B3 eBI+B+ + +...= 2 6 Similarly, we can define an n x n matrix which is a function of t by B² 2 etBI+tB + t² B3 6 Bk Σk! k=0 +3 += 8 tk Bk k! Toeat Σ k=0Q.b=−1.
- 7. Let be the operator on P[r]3 defined by L(p(x)) = xp'(x) +p"(x) (1) Find the matrix A representing with respect to [1, x, x²]. (2) Find the matrix B representing with respect to [1, x, 1 + x²]. (3) Find the matrix S such that B S-¹ AS. (4) If p(x) = ao + a₁x + a₂(1 + x²), = calculate L¹ (p(x)).The Hamiltonian operator of a system is H=-(d2f/dx2) +x2 . Show that Nx exp (-x2/2) is an eigenfunction of H and determine the eigenvalue. Also evaluate N by normalization of the function.Find f(x), the Fourier series expansion of 0 * € [-L, 0), = {kº * € [0, 1], where & and I are positive constants. kL kL +) 2 22 ²72 ((-1)^²+1 -1) cos(") kl fr(a) = k + (k (-1)^ cos (¹7) + 4 kL kL = - Σ( ²2 ((-1)² - 1) cos(- (**) + 123T R=1 kL NTT fr(2) = k + +Ë ( 22((-1)-1) cos( 4 22² 72 R=1 kL = 1 kL 2 + 2 (2) (²72((−1)² + 1) cos (²) + R=1 None of the options displayed. kL kL MTX fr(x) = (-1)+¹ sin( 2 727T fr(x) = - ((-1) ² - 1) sin (7²) :-) 127T R=1 kL fr(*) = = - (-1)²+¹ cos (7²) 12²772 L R=1 + R=1 00 iM8 ((-1)+1-1) sin() nπ (-1)+1 sin(- kL 727T20 + (-1)+¹ sin(- 727T L kL (-1) sin(7²)) 123T
- Using the attached theorms, Solve dx/dt =2x+4y , dy/dt=-x+6yThe Hamiltonian operator of a system is H = -(ďI dx) + x*. Show that Nx exp (-x/2) is an eigenfunction of H and determine the eigenvalue. Also evaluate N by normalization of the function.X1(t) x2(t) a Suppose x'(t) = Ax(t) where A = ), a, b, c, d e R and æ(t) Use the d definition of linear independence to justify each of the following. Recall that if v E R" = 0, then each component of v must equal 0. (a) Suppose the eigenvalues of A are distinct and real-valued. Show that the terms in the solution x(t) are linearly independent. (b) Suppose there is only one eigenvalue of A. Show that the terms in the solution x(t) are linearly independent. (Hint: There are two casees here linearly independent eigenvectors associated with that eigenvalue and the second case is when we cannot find two linearly independent eigenvalues) - one case when there are two (c) Suppose the eigenvalues of A are complex conjugates. Show that the terms in the solution x(t) are linearly independent.
- Let X' =AX be a system of n lincar differential equations where X is an n- tuple of differentiable functions x,(t), x2(t), ... , x,(t) of the real variable t, and A is ån n x n coefficient matrix as in Exercise 14 of Section 5.2. In contrast to that exercise, however, suppose that A is not diagonalizable, but that the characteristic polynomial of A splits. Let 1,, A2,..., be the distinct eigenvalues of A. (a) Prove that if u is the end vector of a cycle of generalized eigenvectors of L, of length p and u corresponds to the eigenvalue A, then for any polynomial f(t) of degree less than p the function ed«[S(t{A – 2,1)° -+ f"(9(A – 2,1)P -2 + ... + f®-()]u is a solution to the system X'= AX. (b) Prove that the general solution to X' = AX is a sum of functions of the form given in part (a), where the vectors u are the end vectors of the distinct cycles that constitute a fixed Jordan canonical basis for LPlease use neat notation for the matrices to make your solution easier to understand. It's much appreciated :)(a) Show that the function Cos(nx) is the eigenfunction of the operator A What is = - 2 dx2 the eigenvalue of this eigenfunction? (b) Define two operators P = and X =2x, which means P f(x) = f(x) = f'(x), 8 f(x) = 2xf(x). Are these two operators commutable? [hint: for any f (x), compute P8 f(x) and X Pf(x), and compare results.)
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