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Select the option that is a propagation step for the following reaction. Peroxides + HBr

Select the option that is a propagation step for the following reaction. Peroxides + HBr

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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### Question 7 #### Select the option that is a propagation step for the following reaction: Below the question, a chemical reaction is depicted. The reaction shown includes the following components: 1. A chemical structure of an alkene (isobutene). 2. Addition of Hydrobromic Acid (HBr). 3. Presence of peroxides is noted as a condition for the reaction to occur. A potential propagation step in this mechanism is illustrated below the reaction components. #### Propagation Step Depiction: - Reactants: Radical bromine (Br•) and a bromine radical (Br•). - The transformation shows the reaction between these two reactants, leading to the formation of molecular bromine (Br₂). This step indicates the propagation phase of a radical reaction mechanism, commonly observed in free radical addition reactions facilitated by peroxides.
Transcribed Image Text:### Question 7 #### Select the option that is a propagation step for the following reaction: Below the question, a chemical reaction is depicted. The reaction shown includes the following components: 1. A chemical structure of an alkene (isobutene). 2. Addition of Hydrobromic Acid (HBr). 3. Presence of peroxides is noted as a condition for the reaction to occur. A potential propagation step in this mechanism is illustrated below the reaction components. #### Propagation Step Depiction: - Reactants: Radical bromine (Br•) and a bromine radical (Br•). - The transformation shows the reaction between these two reactants, leading to the formation of molecular bromine (Br₂). This step indicates the propagation phase of a radical reaction mechanism, commonly observed in free radical addition reactions facilitated by peroxides.
### Radical Halogenation in the Presence of Peroxides **Introduction** In organic chemistry, radical halogenation is a crucial reaction mechanism that introduces halogen atoms into hydrocarbons. This can lead to the formation of various important organic compounds. In the presence of peroxides, the reaction takes place under different conditions, which can alter the pathway and products. Here is a detailed breakdown of the radical halogenation process using peroxide initiators. **Step-by-Step Mechanism** The provided diagrams illustrate the mechanism of radical halogenation. Let's go through each part in detail. #### Upper Diagram 1. **Initiation Step**: - A radical is formed by the homolytic cleavage of a bromine molecule (Br2) in the presence of peroxides. - The reaction shows an organic bromoalkane (a compound with a Br atom attached to an alkane carbon chain) involved in the process. 2. **Propagation Step**: - The bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom (H) from the hydrogen bromide (HBr) molecule, resulting in the formation of a new bromine radical and an organic radical. 3. **Continuation of Propagation**: - The newly formed organic radical reacts with another Br2 molecule to form the final bromoalkane product and regenerate the bromine radical. #### Lower Diagram 1. **Initiation Step**: - Similar to the upper diagram, the initiation step here involves the formation of a bromine radical facilitated by peroxides. 2. **Propagation Step**: - In this step, the bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from HBr, generating another organic radical and a new bromine radical. 3. **Continuation of Propagation**: - The organic radical produced then reacts with Br2, forming the final bromoalkane product and regenerating the bromine radical for the cycle to continue. **Summary** These reaction mechanisms highlight how peroxides influence radical bromination, leading to the formation of bromoalkanes. The radicals generated in the initiation step propagate the reaction till the desired halogenated product is formed. Understanding these mechanisms is fundamental for manipulating chemical reactions to synthesize specific organic compounds.
Transcribed Image Text:### Radical Halogenation in the Presence of Peroxides **Introduction** In organic chemistry, radical halogenation is a crucial reaction mechanism that introduces halogen atoms into hydrocarbons. This can lead to the formation of various important organic compounds. In the presence of peroxides, the reaction takes place under different conditions, which can alter the pathway and products. Here is a detailed breakdown of the radical halogenation process using peroxide initiators. **Step-by-Step Mechanism** The provided diagrams illustrate the mechanism of radical halogenation. Let's go through each part in detail. #### Upper Diagram 1. **Initiation Step**: - A radical is formed by the homolytic cleavage of a bromine molecule (Br2) in the presence of peroxides. - The reaction shows an organic bromoalkane (a compound with a Br atom attached to an alkane carbon chain) involved in the process. 2. **Propagation Step**: - The bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom (H) from the hydrogen bromide (HBr) molecule, resulting in the formation of a new bromine radical and an organic radical. 3. **Continuation of Propagation**: - The newly formed organic radical reacts with another Br2 molecule to form the final bromoalkane product and regenerate the bromine radical. #### Lower Diagram 1. **Initiation Step**: - Similar to the upper diagram, the initiation step here involves the formation of a bromine radical facilitated by peroxides. 2. **Propagation Step**: - In this step, the bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from HBr, generating another organic radical and a new bromine radical. 3. **Continuation of Propagation**: - The organic radical produced then reacts with Br2, forming the final bromoalkane product and regenerating the bromine radical for the cycle to continue. **Summary** These reaction mechanisms highlight how peroxides influence radical bromination, leading to the formation of bromoalkanes. The radicals generated in the initiation step propagate the reaction till the desired halogenated product is formed. Understanding these mechanisms is fundamental for manipulating chemical reactions to synthesize specific organic compounds.
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