s there a relation between incidents of child abuse and number of runaway children? A random sample of cities (over 10,000 population) gave the following information about the number of reported incidents of child abuse and the number of runaway children. (Reference: Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice.) City 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Abuse cases 48 22 65 110 88 15 19 111 23 35 68 118 12 34 102 Runaways 559 170 370 427 365 164 331 710 325 228 437 597 243 230 396 Use a 1% level of significance to test the claim that there is a monotone-increasing relationship between the ranks of incidents of abuse and number of runaway children. (a) Rank-order abuse using 1 as the largest data value. Also rank-order runaways using 1 as the largest data value. Then construct a table of ranks to be used for a Spearman rank correlation test. City Abuse Cases Rank x Runaways Rank y d = x - y d2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Σd2 =
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
s there a relation between incidents of child abuse and number of runaway children? A random sample of cities (over 10,000 population) gave the following information about the number of reported incidents of child abuse and the number of runaway children. (Reference: Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice.)
| City | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
| Abuse cases | 48 | 22 | 65 | 110 | 88 | 15 | 19 | 111 | 23 | 35 | 68 | 118 | 12 | 34 | 102 |
| Runaways | 559 | 170 | 370 | 427 | 365 | 164 | 331 | 710 | 325 | 228 | 437 | 597 | 243 | 230 | 396 |
Use a 1% level of significance to test the claim that there is a monotone-increasing relationship between the ranks of incidents of abuse and number of runaway children.
| City | Abuse Cases Rank x |
Runaways Rank y |
d = x - y | d2 |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 |
Σd2 = |
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