S LINEAR ERROR OF CLOSURE Problem 2: For the given data of a transit-tape survey. R 1. Determine the latitudes and departures of the lines. 2. Determine the linear error of closure. 3. Determine the bearing of the line of the side error. V 4. Determine the relative precision. E LINE LENGTH (m) BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE +N +E -W Y АВ 495.85 N 05°30'E BC 850.62 N 46°02'E CD 855.45 S 67°38'E DE 1020.87 S 12°25'E EF 1117.26 S 83°44'W FA 660.08 N 55°09'W Total ΣΝL ΣSL ΣED EWD

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Methods of Surveying

Surveying is the practice to determine the relative three-dimensional positions of various points on the earth’s surface. This is done by computing the vertical and horizontal distances, angles between the points, collecting the observations, and plotting them on a map of any appropriate scale. Accuracy can be achieved by using the latest instruments like a theodolite, tachometer, etc. Leveling is a subdivision of surveying where the objective is to locate the elevation of objects considering a datum level.