Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
1)- add any nonbonding electrons
2)- Identification of the π system
3)- redraw σ system
4)- complete the resonance
5)- circle the best resonance contribution
- The first set of structures illustrate the resonance of a molecule featuring a cyclobutane ring attached to a carbon with a positive formal charge and a double-bonded oxygen. The double-headed arrow indicates that the actual structure is a hybrid of these two resonance forms.
2. **Second Set of Structures**:
- This set depicts the resonance between two forms of a molecule with a six-membered ring containing a ketone and an adjacent carbanion (negative charge). The shared double-headed arrow suggests the electrons are delocalized between these two forms.
3. **Third Set of Structures**:
- Here, a simple molecule with a cyano group (carbon triple-bonded to nitrogen) shows resonance between forms where the nitrogen carries an extra pair of electrons, indicated by the negative charge, and a hydrogen atom is bonded to the carbon.
4. **Fourth Set of Structures**:
- In this example, the resonance involves a six-membered ring with an attached ethyl group and a positively charged nitrogen atom. The resonance is shown between forms where the nitrogen might be depicted with a different charge distribution.
In all these examples, the double-headed arrows between the structures denote that the true electron distribution of the molecule is a hybrid of the depicted resonance forms. This indicates that the electrons are delocalized over different parts of the molecule, contributing to the molecule's stability. Understanding these resonance structures is essential for predicting the behavior and reactivity of chemical compounds.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F6c854d0d-2d27-4ead-bead-8f592dfe82a0%2F8e0de8a4-2153-4747-942c-7a246632eb48%2F58kzbyk.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Hello. Since your question has multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three sub-parts for you. If you want remaining sub-parts to be solved, then please resubmit the whole question and specify those sub-parts you want us to solve.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 1 images
