recognized as a mechanism of speciation by either Darwin or the researchers of the "new synthesis". However, today there are many examples of species that have originated through hybridization. What is the best explanation for why we have so many examples of species originating through hybridization? A) Hy
Evolution
The history and science of origin and evolution comprise two events, the beginning of life and expansion of life. Our earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago. The term evolution is derived from two Latin words and means the act of unfolding or unrolling. English philosopher Herbert Spencer first used it. Evolution is defined as the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. These traits are the manifestations of genes that are passed down from parent to offspring during reproduction.
Cladistics
Cladistics is a technique in the classification of organisms, where they are grouped into different clades. The proof for the relationships that are hypothesized is based on the shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies. These characteristics do not exist in many of the distant ancestors and groups. The common ancestor along with its descendants is considered to be a part of the clade. The rate of closeness is directly proportional to the cladistic grouping and is useful in analyzing the evolutionary mechanism.
Outgroups
Outgroups are significant in studying cladistics or phylogenetics (that describe the evolutionary relationship between different organisms). Further, it is also important to understand the differences and similarities between different organisms.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that works with the identification of organisms at first, then naming, and classification of them into phenetic or phylogenetic groups (a classification system). In other words, it is the scientific study of biological diversity and a part of systematic biology.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetics is the scientific study of how various groups of organisms are related at the evolutionary level. It finds the relationship between various organisms based on their evolutionary similarities and differences. It is a part of the taxonomy. Although the taxonomic study is not only concerned about phylogeny but taxonomic studies are also concerned about the classification and nomenclature of the different individuals from different taxon.
14) Hybridization was not originally recognized as a mechanism of
| A) |
Hybridization is more likely to occur in regions where scientists have put in more effort studying speciation |
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| B) |
Hybridization occurs fairly regularly, and when it leads to new species only takes a few generations, which is fast enough for researchers to see fairly easily |
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| C) |
Hybridization is fairly easy to study in captivity |
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| D) |
Hybridization has been carried out frequently by farmers attempting to produce new, better species to grow |
15) Anthropologist who study human evolution genetically have determined that populations of our species have gone through"founder effect" type events. What data would suggest that this is the case?
| A) |
Populations that went through founder effects would have unique alleles that are not found in other populations |
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| B) |
Populations that went through founder effects would have unique genes that are not found in other populations |
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| C) |
The genomes of populations that experience founder effects would be more diverse than the genomes of other populations |
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| D) |
The genomes of populations that experienced founder effects would be less diverse than the genomes of other populations |
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