Real-Life Complication #1: For a given material with a set work function, there may be an increase in photocurrent (i.e. rate of photoelectrons being ejected) with an increase in frequency of light. This is especially noticeable when the frequency of light is just above but very close to the threshold frequency of the material (i.e. photon energy is very close to the work function). By thinking about the structure of electrons within a metal, explain why this is the case; why would (assuming no changes to the number of photons being sent at the cathode) an increase in photon frequency cause an increase in the number of photoelectrons being emitted? Real-Life Complication #2: This one is really pedantic, and comes down to the definition of the term 'Intensity'. Here, let us take 'Intensity' as the amount of power radiated by the light source per area, in Watts per Metre Squared. With this definition, we get a very curious phenomenon that really only shows up in (some) simulations; if you increase the frequency of the light, you get a DECREASE in total photocurrent. This means that there is a decreased number of electrons being ejected, when the frequency of the light is increased! Why could this be the case? You may wish to think about the number of photons in a beam of light of a given energy.
Quantum mechanics and hydrogen atom
Consider an electron of mass m moves with the velocity v in a hydrogen atom. If an electron is at a distance r from the proton, then the potential energy function of the electron can be written as follows:
Isotopes of Hydrogen Atoms
To understand isotopes, it's easiest to learn the simplest system. Hydrogen, the most basic nucleus, has received a great deal of attention. Several of the results seen in more complex nuclei can be seen in hydrogen isotopes. An isotope is a nucleus of the same atomic number (Z) but a different atomic mass number (A). The number of neutrons present in the nucleus varies with respect to the isotope.
Mass of Hydrogen Atom
Hydrogen is one of the most fundamental elements on Earth which is colorless, odorless, and a flammable chemical substance. The representation of hydrogen in the periodic table is H. It is mostly found as a diatomic molecule as water H2O on earth. It is also known to be the lightest element and takes its place on Earth up to 0.14 %. There are three isotopes of hydrogen- protium, deuterium, and tritium. There is a huge abundance of Hydrogen molecules on the earth's surface. The hydrogen isotope tritium has its half-life equal to 12.32 years, through beta decay. In physics, the study of Hydrogen is fundamental.
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